ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Level of Knowledge and Attitude of ICU Nurses toward Organ Donation and the Related Factors: A Systematic Review
Introduction: Nurses play a key role in the process of organ donation and transplantation, and previous studies have widely addressed the level of knowledge and attitude of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in this regard. Considering the direct correlation between the positive attitude of the healthcare team, especially nurses, and the level of consent on organ donation, knowledge and attitude of nurses are important factors that have been assessed in several studies. However, no definite conclusions have been drawn in this regard. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of ICU nurses toward organ donation and the related factors.Methods: A systematic review was conducted via searching in databases such as ProQuest, Medscape, MedlinePlus, MagIran, PubMed, and ScienceDirect to identify the articles published during 1990-2015 using keywords such as knowledge, attitude, organ donation, and nurses.Result: Awareness and knowledge are the main determinants of attitude in nurses, which should be applied in order to foster positive attitudes in the process of organ donation. Furthermore, extensive clinical knowledge should be acquired on organ donation and communication skills by ICU nurses through proper training programs.Conclusion: According to the results, using standard guidelines or scheduled training programs in nursing schools could improve the level of knowledge in nurses, which in turn enhances nursing performance. In addition, our findings indicated that positive attitude and knowledge of nurses could largely infleunce the viewpoint of families toward organ donation.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_8224_093a2421af5f0d8b47a153dc92b98ca8.pdf
2017-12-01
143
151
10.22038/rcm.2017.20727.1189
Knowledge
Nurses
Organ Donation
Zohre
Najafi
zh.najafi95@gmail.com
1
Student Research Committee, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Zahra Sadat
Manzari
manzariz@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Medical and Surgical, Nursing and Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Cohen J, Ami SB, Ashkenazi T, et al. Attitude of health care professionals to brain death: influence on the organ donation process.Clin Transplant. 2008;22:211-215.
1
CollinsTJ. Organ and tissue donation: a survey of nurse’s knowledge and educational needs in an adult ITU. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2005;21:226-233.
2
Salim A, Malinoski D, Schulman D, et al. The combination of an online organ and tissue registry with a public education campaign can increase the number of organs available for transplantation. J Trauma. 2010;69:451-454.
3
Kocaay AF, Celik SU, Eker T, et al. Brain Death and Organ Donation: Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes of Medical, Law, Divinity, Nursing, and Communication Students. TTransplant Proc. 2015;47:1244-1248.
4
Masoumian Hoseini ST, Manzari Z. Quality of Care of Nursing from Brain Death Patient in ICU Wards. Patient Saf Qual Improv. 2015; 3: 220-224.
5
Tamburri LM. The Role of Critical Care Nurses in the Organ Donation Break through Collaborative. Crit Care Nurse. 2006;26:20,22,24.
6
Sque M, Payne S, Vlachonikolis I. Cadaveric donotransplantation: nurses’ attitudes, knowledge and behaviour. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50:541-552.
7
Manzari Z. Exposure to Request Organ Donation in Brain Dead Patients and Families to Design Model of Nursing. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2010.
8
Kim JR, Fisher MJ, Elliott D. Attitudes of intensive care nurses towards brain death and organ transplantation: instrument development and testing. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53:571-582.
9
Lin LM, Lin CC, Lam HD, et al. Increasing the participation of intensive care unit nurses to promote deceased donor organ donation. Transplant Proc. 2010;42:716-718.
10
Bargagli AM, Davoli M, Minozzi S, et al. A systematic review of observational studies on treatment of opioid dependence. Geneva, Switzerland, background document prepared for 3rd meeting of Technical Development Group (TDG) for the WHO Guidelines for Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacotherapy of Opiod Dependence, 17-21 September. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/observational_studies_treatment.pdf (Accessed 09 July 2008).
11
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
12
Ríos A1, Conesa C, Ramírez P, et al. Attitude toward deceased organ donation and transplantation among the workers in the surgical services in a hospital with a transplant program. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:3603-3608.
13
Schaeffner ES, Windisch W, Freidel K, etal. Knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among medical students and physicians. Transplantation. 2004;77:1714-1718.
14
Akgün HS, Bilgin N, Tokalak I, et al. Organ donation: a cross-sectional survey of the knowledge and personal views of Turkish health care professionals. Transplant Proc. 2003;35:1273-1275.
15
Watkinson GE. A study of the perception and experiences of critical care nurses in caring for potential and actual organ donors: implications for nurse education. J Adv Nurs. 1995;22:929-940.
16
White G. Intensive care nurses’ perceptions of brain death. Aust Crit Care. 2003;16:7-14.
17
Hibbert M. Stressors experienced by nurses while caring for organ donors and their families. Heart Lung. 1995;24:399-407.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Hepatitis E in Iran: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Introduction: Hepatitis E infection is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is a self-limiting disease with moderate-to-high prevalence in various regions. Considering that HEV is endemic in Iran, the present study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of HEV in Iran.Methods: This systematic review was performed in May 2016 to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis E infection in Iran via searching in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and IranMedex using the following approach: (((Hepatitis E OR HEV)) AND (epidemiology OR frequency OR prevalence)) AND Iran. After collecting the proper documents, the required data were extracted and described.Result: In total, 24 relevant articles with 12,555 study populations were collected in this study. The results of the review indicated that the prevalence of HEV is relatively high in the Iranian population. In the reviewed literature, the prevalence of HEV varied from 2.3% to more than 40%.Conclusion: According to the results, the prevalence of HEV in Iran is similar to the rate reported in the other developing countries. Therefore, it is recommended that routine tests be conducted for the diagnosis of hepatitis E, especially in the suspected cases of acute non-A, non-B, and non-C hepatitis.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_8221_485b1daa09c3a57183a74253c38a799c.pdf
2017-12-01
152
159
10.22038/rcm.2017.20169.1187
Hepatitis E virus
Non-A hepatitis
Non-B hepatitis
Abbas
Esmaeilzadeh
esmaielzadeha@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Azita
Ganji
ganjia@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ali
Bahari
baharia@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ladan
Goshayeshi
goshayeshil@mums.ac.ir
4
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Viswanathan R. Epidemiology. Indian J Med Res. 1957;45(Suppl.):1-29.
1
Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med. 1980;68:818-824.
2
Khuroo MS, Duermeyer W, Zargar SA, et al. Acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in India. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;118:360-364.
3
Worm HC, van der Poel WH, Brandstatter G. Hepatitis E: an overview. Microbes Infect. 2002;4:657-666.
4
Naik SR, Aggarwal R, Salunke PN, et al. A large waterborne viral hepatitis E epidemic in Kanpur, India. Bull World Health Organ. 1992;70:597-604.
5
Pal R, Aggarwal R, Naik SR, et al. Immunological alterations in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1094-1101.
6
Barnaud E, Rogee S, Garry P, et al. Thermal inactivation of infectious hepatitis E virus in experimentally contaminated food. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:5153-5159.
7
Dalekos GN, Zervou E, Elisaf M, et al. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus among several populations in Greece: increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit. Transfusion. 1998;38:589-595.
8
Nanda SK, Ansari IH, Acharya SK, et al. Protracted viremia during acute sporadic hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:225-230.
9
Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco PL, et al. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection. 2003;31:70-74.
10
Tsega E, Hansson BG, Krawczynski K, et al. Acute Sporadic Viral Hepatitis in Ethiopia: Causes, Risk Factors, and Effects on Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:961-965.
11
Li T, Chijiwa K, Sera N, et al. Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1958-1960.
12
Ahn JM, Kang SG, Lee DY, et al. Identification of novel human hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates and determination of the seroprevalence of HEV in Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:3042-3048.
13
Kapoor A, Victoria J, Simmonds P, et al. A highly prevalent and genetically diversified Picornaviridae genus in South Asian children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 ;105:20482-20487.
14
Kmush B, Wierzba T, Krain L, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis E in low-and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:15-29.
15
Yu C, Engle RE, Bryan JP, et al. Detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis E virus by class capture enzyme immunoassay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10:579-586.
16
Takahashi M, Kusakai S, Mizuo H, et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) Is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:49-56.
17
Baylis SA, Hanschmann KM, Blumel J, et al. Standardization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) nucleic acid amplification technique-based assays: an initial study to evaluate a panel of HEV strains and investigate laboratory performance. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1234-1239.
18
Kamar N, Abravanel F, Selves J, et al. Influence of immunosuppressive therapy on the natural history of genotype 3 hepatitis-E virus infection after organ transplantation. Transplantation.2010;89:353-360.
19
Schultze D, Mani B, Dollenmaier G, et al. Acute Hepatitis E Virus infection with coincident reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in an immunosuppressed patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:474.
20
Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F, et al. Ribavirin therapy inhibits viral replication on patients with chronic hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1612-1618.
21
Pischke S, Hardtke S, Bode U, et al. Ribavirin treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis E: a single-centre experience. Liver Int. 2013;33:722-726.
22
Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F, et al. Pegylated interferon-α for treating chronic hepatitis E virus infection after liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:e30-e3.
23
Haagsma EB, Riezebos-Brilman A, van den Berg AP, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis E in liver transplant recipients with pegylated interferon alpha-2b. Liver Transpl. 2010;16:474-477.
24
Pas SD, de Man RA, Mulders C, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection among solid organ transplant recipients, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:869-872.
25
de Niet A, Zaaijer HL, ten Berge I, et al. Chronic hepatitis E after solid organ transplantation. Neth J Med. 2012;70:261-266.
26
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals Intern Med. 2009;151:W-65-W-94.
27
Sotoodeh Jahromi A, Ahmadi-Vasmehjani A, Zabetian H, et al. Sero-Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis E Virus among Thalassemia as High Risk Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Jahrom, Southern, Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8:53885.
28
Hesamizadeh K, Sharafi H, Keyvani H, et al. Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in Tehran, Iran. Hepat Mon. 2016;16:e32215.
29
Naeimi B, Mazloom Kalimani F, Pourfatolah AA, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in Bushehr, South of Iran. Hepat Mon. 2015;15:e29219.
30
Joulaei H, Rudgari O, Motazedian N, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in HIV positive individuals in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2015;7:103-108.
31
Alavian SM, Ataei B, Ebrahimi A, et al. Anti-Hepatitis E Antibody in Hemodialysis Patients in Isfahan, Iran: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Hepat Mon. 2015;15:e23633.
32
Asaei S, Ziyaeyan M, Moeini M, et al. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and E Virus Infections Among Healthy Population in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8:e19311.
33
Farshadpour F, Taherkhani R, Makvandi M. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among adults in south-west of Iran. Hepat Res Treat. 2015;2015:759589.
34
Eini P, Mamani M, Javani M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e among hemodialysis patients: a report from hamadan, iran. Hepat Mon. 2015;15:e26260.
35
Beladi Mousavi SS, Motemednia F, Beladi Mousavi M. Epidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7:e6993.
36
Rostamzadeh Khameneh Z, Sepehrvand N, Khalkhali HR. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e among pregnant women in urmia, iran. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e10931.
37
Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Miri R, Hedayatimoghadam M, et al. Population Movement and Virus Spreading: HEV Spreading in a Pilgrimage City, Mashhad in Northeast Iran; an Example. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e10255.
38
Sotoodeh Jahromi A, Pourahmad M. Hepatitis E virus and serum level aminotransferases in blood donors. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;2:48-51.
39
Ramezani A, Velayati AA, Khorami-Sarvestani S, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in an endemic area in Iran. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:769-774.
40
Ehteram H, Ramezani A, Eslamifar A, et al. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus infection among volunteer blood donors in central province of Iran in 2012. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5:172-176.
41
Zekavat OR, Makarem A, Karami MY, et al. Serological investigation for hepatitis E virus infection in the patients with chronic maintenance hemodialysis from southwest of Iran. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2013;7:21-25.
42
Mobaien AR, Mohammadi R, Sorouri R, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in haemodialysis patients in Zanjan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19:608-612.
43
Mohebbi SR, Rostami Nejad M, Tahaei SM, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and E virus infections in Tehran, Iran: a population based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:528-531.
44
Rostamzadeh Khameneh Z, Sepehrvand N, Masudi S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E among Iranian renal transplant recipients. Hepat Mon. 2011;11:646-651.
45
Saffar MJ, Farhadi R, Ajami A, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in 2-25-year-olds in Sari district, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2009;15:136-142.
46
Ataei B, Nokhodian Z, Javadi AA, et al. Hepatitis E virus in Isfahan Province: a population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:67-71.
47
Taremi M, Mohammad Alizadeh AH, Ardalan A, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran: a population-based study. East Mediterr Health J. 2008;14:157-162.
48
Assarehzadegan MA, Shakerinejad G, Amini A, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in blood donors in Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:387-390.
49
Taremi M, Gachkar L, MahmoudArabi S, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among male blood donors in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13:98-102.
50
Taremi M, Khoshbaten M, Gachkar L, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a seroepidemiological survey in Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:36.
51
Corwin AL, Khiem HB, Clayson ET, et al. A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54:559-562.
52
Howard CM, Handzel T, Hill VR, et al. Novel risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infection in a large outbreak in northern Uganda: results from a case-control study and environmental analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:1170-1173.
53
Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Garbuglia AR. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in European Countries. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:25711-25743.
54
Hatami H. Epidemic report of hepatitis E in Kermanshah. Nabz Journal. 1991;9:23-31.
55
Alavy SM, Ahmady FMG. Epidemic report of hepatitis E in Lordegan. J Shahrekurd Med Sch. 2008;9:15-20.
56
Trinta KS, Liberto MI, de Paula VS, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in selected Brazilian populations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001;96:25-29.
57
Abdelaal M, Zawawi TH, al Sobhi E, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in male blood donors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ir J Med Sci. 1998;167:94-96.
58
Fix AD, Abdel-Hamid M, Purcell RH, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E in two rural Egyptian communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:519-523.
59
Ijaz S, Vyse AJ, Morgan D, et al. Indigenous hepatitis E virus infection in England: more common than it seems. J Clin Virol. 2009;44:272-276.
60
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of the Kidney Size in Newborns
Introduction: Ultrasonographic assessment of the kidney size in newborns is essential to the diagnosis of renal diseases during the neonatal period. According to the literature, altered renal dimensions may lead to changes in the kidney echotexture in certain renal pathologies. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the renal dimensions in premature and term neonates.Methods: This systematic review was conducted to identify the English articles on the renal dimensions of children and premature/term neonates via searching in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. In total, 74 studies were retrieved from the electronic databases. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 10 articles that were in line with the study objectives were selected in full text and evaluated.Result: The studies on the renal dimensions of newborns had been performed on various populations. Some studies had compared kidney diameters with the body weight and length of the neonates within the first days of birth, while some others had compared the gestational age of neonates with their kidney size. However, no conclusive results were proposed. In addition, several studies were found on kidney size during the fetal period and childhood, while limited investigation was available regarding the neonatal period. In the present study, we analyzed the correlations between the renal dimensions of neonates and their gestational age, length, weight, and body surface area by reviewing the current literature.Conclusion: Although renal volume is considered to be the most precise index of the kidney size, renal length is evidently the most practical indicator of renal dimensions, which is correlated with the anthropometric indices and gestational age of neonates.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6821_55b8e58b7172f38358e4169953dc0e49.pdf
2017-12-01
160
164
10.22038/rcm.2016.6821
Infant
Newborn
Ultrasonography
Mandana
Kashaki
esmaeili_56@yahoo.com
1
Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ladan
Younesi
hoseinis4@mums.ac.ir
2
Departments of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Marjan
Esmaeili
3
Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hasan
Otoukesh
hosseinis2009@gmail.com
4
Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Esmaeili
5
Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gupta AK, Anand MK, Lamba IS. Ultrasound evaluation of kidney dimensions in neonates. Indian Pediatr. 1993; 30:319-324.
1
Hodson CJ, Drewe JA, Karn MN, et al. Renal size in normal children: a radiographic study during life. Arch Dis Child. 1962;37:616-622.
2
Han BK, Babcock DS. Sonographic measurements and appearance of normal kidneys in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985;145:611-616.
3
Aydin Erdemir, Zelal Kahramaner, Ebru Cicek, et al. Reference ranges for sonographic renal dimensions in preterm infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43:1475–1484.
4
Scott JES, Hunter EW, Lee REJ, et al. Ultrasound measurement of renal size in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child. 1990; 65: 361-365.
5
de Vries L, Levene MI. Measurement of renal size in preterm and term infants by real time ultrasounds. Arch Dis Child. 1983; 58: 145-147.
6
Soyupak SK, Narli N, Yapicioğlu H, et al. Sonographic measurements of the liver, spleen and kidney dimensions in the healthy term and preterm newborns. Eur J Radiol. 2002;43:73-78.
7
Sultana S, Rahman S, Basak BK, et al. Determination of kidney length and volume by ultrasound in 100 term Bangladeshi newborn. Bangladesh J Child Health. 2012;36:26-29.
8
Abitbol CL, Seeherunvong W, Galarza MG, et al. Neonatal kidney size and function in preterm infants: what is a true estimate of glomerular filtration rate?J Pediatr. 2014;164:1026-1031.
9
Van Venrooij NA, Junewick JJ, Gelfand SL, et al. Sonographic assessment of renal size and growth in premature infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40:1505–1508.
10
Chiara A, Chirico G, BarbariniM, et al. Ultrasonic evaluation of kidney volume in term and preterm infants. AmJ Perinatol. 1993;10:109–111.
11
Schlesinger AE, Hedlund GL, Pierson WP, et al. Normal standards for kidney length in premature infants: Determinations with ultrasound. Radiology. 1987;164:127-129.
12
Holloway H, Jones TB, Robinson AE, et al. Sonographic determination of renal volumes in normal neonates. Paediatric Radiol. 1983;13: 212-214.
13
Daud A, Achakzai A, Rehman Hu, et al. A comparative study of renal size in newborn babies. Gomal J Med Sci. 2006;4:65-69.
14
Adeyekun AA, IbadinMO, Omoigberale AI. Ultrasound assessment of Renal size in healthy term neonates; A report from Benin City, Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant.2007;18:277-281.
15
Otiv A, Mehta K, Ali U, et al. Sonographic Measurement of Renal Size in Normal Indian Children. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49:533-536.
16
Fitzsimons RB. Kidney length in the newborn measured by ultrasound. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983;72:885-887.
17
Erdemir A, Kahramaner Z, Arik B, et al. Reference ranges of kidney dimensions in term newborns: sonographic measurements. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44:1388-1392.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sneddon Syndrome with the Initial Presentation of Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Case Report
Sneddon syndrome (SS) is characterized by chronic, progressive arteriopathy, which causes ischemic stroke and skin lesions. It seems that thrombotic or embolic processes in the vessels may be involved in the pathology of this syndrome. Neurological symptoms always occur due to the ischemic events of the cerebrovascular system, and the associated cutaneous manifestations include deep blue skin lesions with irregular margins, known as livedo reticularis and livedo racemosa. Despite the ischemic events, hemorrhagic cerebral accidents are unusual in SS. Our case was apparently a normal woman with negative medical history who, despite the normal ischemic cerebral manifestations, initially presented with intracranial hemorrhage, which progressed to new skin lesions (livedo reticularis) after a few days. In the follow-up, the patient was diagnosed with SS.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_8737_66a9ad6fa2a5b2b8e72fc5b5d0735096.pdf
2017-12-01
165
168
10.22038/rcm.2017.8737
Intracranial Hemorrhage
livedo reticularis
Sneddon Syndrome
Zohre
Khodamoradi
zohre.khodamoradi@gmail.com
1
Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Maryam
Poursadeghfard
poursadegh@sums.ac.ir
2
Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Shamszadeh
z_shamszadeh@yahoo.com
3
Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Wu S, Xu Z, Liang H. Sneddon’s syndrome: a comprehensive review of the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014;9:215.
1
Francès C, Papo T, Wechsler B, et al. Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibodies: a comparative study in 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78:209-219.
2
Francès C, Piette JC. The mystery of Sneddon syndrome: relationship with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2000;15:139-143.
3
Bottin L, Francès C, de Zuttere D. Strokes in Sneddon syndrome without antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Neurol. 2015;77:817-829.
4
Orac A, Artenie A, Toader MP, et al. Sneddon syndrome: rare disease or under diagnosed clinical entity? Review of the literature related to a clinical case. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2014;118:654-660.
5
Tietjen GE, Al-Qasmi MM, Shukairy MS. Livedo reticularis and migraine: a marker for stroke risk? Headache: Headache. 2002;42:352-355.
6
Bottin L, Frances C, De Zuttere D, et al. Sneddon Syndrome without Antiphospholipid Antibodies in 55 Cases: Clinical, Radiological and Pathophysiological Features (S43. 005). Neurology. 2012;78: 1 Supplement S43. 005.
7
Zelger B, Sepp N, Schmid KW, et al. Life history of cutaneous vascular lesions in Sneddon’s syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:668-675.
8
Tourbah A, Piette JC, Iba-Zizen MT, et al. The natural course of cerebral lesions in Sneddon syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:53-60.
9
Faustino A, Paiva L, Morgadinho A, et al. Cardiac involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome associated with Sneddon syndrome: A challenging diagnosis. Rev Port Cardiol. 2014;33:115.e1-7.
10
Witmer JP, van Vreeswijk H, Witmer AN. Transient retinal venous and arterial occlusive events in a case of sneddon syndrome. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2012;6:320-323.
11
Schellong SM, Weissenborn K, Niedermeyer J, et al. Classification of Sneddon’s syndrome. Vasa. 1997;26:215-221.
12
Szmyrka-Kaczmarek M, Daikeler T, Benz D, et al. Familial inflammatory Sneddon’s syndrome—case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;24:79-82.
13
Hademenos GJ, Alberts MJ, Awad I, et al. Advances in the genetics of cerebrovascular disease and stroke. Neurology. 2001;56:997-1008.
14
Rebollo M, Val JF, Garijo F, et al. Livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon’s syndrome). Brain. 1983;106 :965-979.
15
Pauranik A, Parwani S, Jain S. Simultaneous bilateral central retinal arterial occlusion in a patient with Sneddon syndrome: case history. Angiology. 1987;38:158-163.
16
Aggermann T, Haas P, Binder S. Central retinal vein occlusion as a possible presenting manifestation of Sneddon syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2007;27:240-241.
17
Wohlrab J, Fischer M, Wolter M, et al. Diagnostic impact and sensitivity of skin biopsies in Sneddon’s syndrome. A report of 15 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:285-288.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Safety of Uterine Compression Suture in the Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Case Report
Uterine atony is the main cause of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Uterine compression suture is a common technique to control PPH in caesarean delivery. This article aimed to report a complication of this method for post-delivery atony. A 27-year-old primigravida woman with term pregnancy underwent caesarean delivery and was unresponsive to medical therapy and uterine artery ligation due to uterine atony. Two compression sutures were placed on her uterus. However, after 11 days, the patient underwent surgery again due to severe fever, infection, and a necrotic mass in the uterine cavity. The necrotic mass was we removed during the surgery. Although uterine compression suture is an effective method for the treatment of PPH, we witnessed some side effects in the patient, especially myometrium necrosis.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_8851_ef87a966040b95191229329dbef94e6b.pdf
2017-12-01
169
172
10.22038/rcm.2017.21889.1196
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Suture Techniques
Uterine Atony
Malihe
Amirian
amirianm@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Atiyeh
Vatanchi
vatanchia@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Safari
safarim921@mums.ac.ir
3
General practitioner, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Pereira A, Nunes F, Pedroso S, et al. Compressive uterine sutures to treat postpartum bleeding secondary to uterine atony. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:569-572.
1
Ochoa M, Allaire AD, Stitely ML. Pyometria after hemostatic square suture technique. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:506-509.
2
Baskett TF. Uterine compression sutures for postpartum hemorrhage: efficacy, morbidity, and subsequent pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:68-71.
3
Halder A. A new uterine suture technique to control PPH in congenitally malformed uterus during caesarean section. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;29:402-404.
4
B-Lynch C, Coker A, Lawal AH, et al. The B-Lynch surgical technique for the control of massive postpartum haemorrhage: an alternative to hysterectomy? Five cases reported. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:372-375.
5
Zheng J, Xiong X, Ma Q, et al. A new uterine compression suture for postpartum haemorrhage with atony. BJOG. 2011;118:370-374.
6
Deneux-Tharaux C, Bonnet MP, Tort J. [Epidemiology of post-partum haemorrhage.]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2014;43:936-950.
7
Bateman BT, Berman MF, Riley LE, et al. The epidemiology of postpartum hemorrhage in a large, nationwide sample of deliveries. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1368-1373.
8
Saroja CSM, Nankani A, El-Hamamy E. Uterine compression sutures, an update: review of efficacy, safety and complications of B-Lynch suture and other uterine compression techniques for postpartum haemorrhage. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281:581-588.
9
Joshi VM, Shrivastava M. Partial ischemic necrosis of the uterus following a uterine brace compression suture. BJOG. 2004;111:279-280.
10
Tsitlakidis C, Alalade A, Danso D, et al. Ten year follow-up of the effect of the B-Lynch uterine compression suture for massive postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2006;51:262-265.
11
Akoury H, Sherman C. Uterine wall partial thickness necrosis following combined B-Lynch and Cho square sutures for the treatment of primary postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30:421-424.
12
Gottlieb AG, Pandipati S, Davis KM, et al. Uterine necrosis: a complication of uterine compression sutures. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:429-431.
13
Reyftmann L, Nguyen A, Ristic V. Partial uterine wall necrosis following Cho hemostatic sutures for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2009;37:579-582.
14
Cotzias C, Girling J. Uterine compression suture without hysterotomy--why a non-absorbable suture should be avoided. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;25:150-152.
15
Wu HH, Yeh GP. Uterine cavity synechiae after hemostatic square suturing technique. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1176-1178.
16
Higgins L, Chan KL, Tower C. Uterine rupture following previous uterine compression suture. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31:544.
17
Sentilhes L, Trichot C, Resch B, et al. Fertility and pregnancy outcomes following uterine devascularization for severe postpartum haemorrhage. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:1087-1092.
18
Goojha CA, Case A, Pierson R. Development of Asherman syndrome after conservative surgical management of intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1098.e1-5.
19
Treloar EJ, Anderson RS, Andrews HS, et al. Uterine necrosis following B-Lynch suture for primary postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG. 2006;113:486-488.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Severe Backache followed by Lumbar Punctur
The purpose of this study is to report a case of severe back pain following lumbar puncture (LP), which was associated with an accidental tether cord syndrome (TCS) in MRI. The patient was a 10-year-old boy that was hospitalized in the pediatric ward for severe headache and to rule out meningitis. First, LP was performed for him, but he suffered very severe back pain after LP. Lumbosacral MRI was performed to rule out collection or abscess formation, but the evidence of the TCS was accidentally found; however, it was too unexpected before. In the short term follow up, the symptoms of the patient were completely resolved by using analgesics. It was shown that his pain was as a result of LP. In general, although sometimes severe lower back pain after LP may be overwhelming, if neurologic examination were normal, it is important to assure parents that it would be resolved.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_10070_c4fc24f3f2b4d715ca2c7966b2533b79.pdf
2017-12-01
173
175
10.22038/rcm.2018.25995.1214
complication
Lumbar puncture
Tethered cord
Ezzat
Khodashenas
khodashenase@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Alireza
Ataei Nakhaei
ataeina@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Elahe
Heidari
heidarie@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fallah R, Khosravi M, Behdad Sh, et al. Investigating Efficacy of Melatonin and Gabapentin in Reducing Anxiety and Pain of Lumbar Puncture in Children. JSSU. 2013; 21:428-438.
1
Williams J, Lye DC, Umapathi T. Diagnostic lumbar puncture: minimizing complications. Intern Med J. 2008;38:587-591.
2
Narchi H, Ghatasheh G, Al Hassani N, et al. Why do some parents refuse consent for lumbar puncture on their child? A qualitative study. Hosp Pediatr. 2012;2:93-98.
3
Narchi H, Ghatasheh G, Hassani NA, et al. Comparison of underlying factors behind parental refusal or consent for lumbar puncture. World J Pediatr. 2013;9:336-341.
4
Deng CT, Zulkifli HI, Azizi BH. Parents’ views of lumbar puncture in children with febrile seizures. Med J Malaysia. 1994;49:263-268.
5
Nigrovic LE, McQueen AA, Neuman MI. Lumbar puncture success rate is not influenced by family-member presence. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e777-782.
6
Evans RW. Complications of lumbar puncture. Neurol Clin. 1998;16:83-105.
7
Motah M, Uduma F, Ndoumbe A, et al. Management of tethered cord syndrome in adults: a case report in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17:217.
8
Agarwalla PK, Dunn IF, Scott RM, et al. Tethered cord syndrome. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2007;18:531-547.
9
Yamada S, editor. Tethered cord syndrome. Amer Assn of Neurological Surgeons; 1996.
10
Ogul H, Genc B, Kantarci M. Pseudo tethered cord: an unusual complication of lumbar puncture. Neurology. 2014;83:196-197.
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Children
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in localizing epileptic foci in children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This prospective study was conducted on 12 patients including five males and seven females aged between 2 and 16 years old with a clinical diagnosis of TLE. All the patients underwent high-resolution MRI and if no abnormality was identified, SPECT was used for further assessment. In all the patients, visual inspection identified unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis, and the patients underwent craniotomy and lesionectomy.According to the results, eight patients were categorized in class I and two cases were classifies as class II, and all the patients survived. About 25% of the patients showed adequate memory function on the non-operated temporal lobe, and general intelligence quotient increased by 10% in 50% of the patients.According to the results, in patients with clinically suspected TLE, MRI alone is not able to localize the epileptic foci correctly, and SPECT can be helpful to localize these lesions.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_9053_f1948b7aba81bb43e8e37022507a91ab.pdf
2017-12-01
176
179
10.22038/rcm.2017.23502.1201
Child
Temporal lobectomy
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Mohammad
Faraji-rad
ebrahimimr3@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Neurosurgery, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hadi
Tohidi
hadi_t81@yahoo.com
2
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Elnaz
Faraji-rad
elnazfaraji@yahoo.com
3
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Williamson PD, French JA, Thadani VM, et al. Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: II. Interictal and ictal scalp electroencephalography, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, surgical results, and pathology. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:781–787.
1
Faraji M,Ashrafzadeh F ,Faraji rad S. Epilepsy surgery in children. Iran J Child Neurology. 2009;3:7-14.
2
Spencer SS. The Relative Contribution of MRI, SPECT, and PET Imaging in Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35:572-589.
3
Theodore WH. Presurgical Focus Localization in Epilepsy: PET and SPECT. Semin Nucl Med. 2017:47:44-53.
4
Mohamed A, Wyllie E, Ruggieri P, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis in pediatric candidates for epilepsy surgery. Neurology. 2001;56:1643-1649.
5
Clusmann H, Kral T, Gleissner U, et al. Analysis of different types of resection for pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:847-559; discussion 859-860.
6
Wyllie E, Chee M, Granström ML, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy in early childhood. Epilepsia. 1993;34:859-868.
7
Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:311–318 .
8
Lee YJ, Kang HC, Bae SJ, et al. Comparison of temporal lobectomies of children and adults with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26:177-183.
9
Hemb M, Palmini A, Paglioli E, et al. An 18-year follow-up of seizure outcome after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:800-805.
10
Schmidt D, Stavem K. Long-term seizure outcome of surgery versus no surgery for drug-resistant partial epilepsy: a review of controlled studies. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1301-1309.
11
McIntosh AM, Kalnins RM, Mitchell LA, et al. Temporal lobectomy: long-term seizure outcome, late recurrence and risks for seizure recurrence. Brain. 2004;127:2018-2030.
12
Benifla M, Rutka JT, Otsubo H, et al. Long-term seizure and social outcomes following temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy during childhood. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82:133-138.
13
Josephson CB, Dykeman J, Fiest KM, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of standard vs selective temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Neurology. 2013;80:1669-1676.
14
Dulay MF, Levin HS, York MK, et al. Predictors of individual visual memory decline after unilateral anterior temporal lobe resection. Neurology. 2009;72:1837-1842.
15
Gleissner U, Sassen R, Schramm J, et al. Greater functional recovery after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in children. Brain. 2005;128:2822-2829.
16
Jambaqué I, Dellatolas G, Fohlen M, et al. Memory functions following surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy in children. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45:2850-2862.
17
Skirrow C, Cross JH, Cormack F, et al. Long-term intellectual outcome after temporal lobe surgery in childhood. Neurology. 2011;76:1330-1337.
18
Freitag H, Tuxhorn I. Cognitive function in preschool children after epilepsy surgery: rationale for early intervention. Epilepsia. 2005;46:561-567.
19
Binder JR, Sabsevitz DS, Swanson SJ, et al. Use of preoperative functional MRI to predict verbal memory decline after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2008;49:1377-1394.
20
Skirrow C, Cross JH, Harrison S, et al. Temporal lobe surgery in childhood and neuroanatomical predictors of long-term declarative memory outcome. Brain. 2015;138:80-93.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
LXRs: The Key Regulators of Intermediary Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome and its various manifestations are considered to be a significant health epidemic in the developed and developing countries across the world. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a series of metabolic abnormalities, such as central adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome are at a higher risk of major complications, including fatty liver, type II diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Nuclear receptors are the key regulators of gene transcription, as well as several metabolic pathways. Among these receptors, LXRα and β play a major role in the regulation of lipogenesis, cholesterol/glucose homoeostasis, and inflammatory pathways through the induction or repression of target genes. In addition to metabolic homeostasis and diseases, lipogenesis and hypertriglyceridemia are regarded as the most significant adverse effects of liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Given the importance of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation in the development of metabolic disorders, the present study aimed to review the impact of LXR signaling on the risk of metabolic syndrome and its phenotypes, with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. In general, growing evidence supports the notion that LXRs may represent the potential drug targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_8346_a934a30a66c15273770e1ed659cf09ce.pdf
2017-12-01
180
184
10.22038/rcm.2017.21396.1193
Liver X Receptor
metabolic syndrome
Metabolic Disorder
Hassan
Mehrad-Majd
mehradmajd.h@gmail.com
1
Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Javad
Akhtari
javad.akhtari@gmail.com
2
Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
AUTHOR
Yalda
Ravanshad
ravanshady@mums.ac.ir
3
Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Eckel RH, Alberti KG, Grundy SM, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2010;375:181-183.
1
Stern MP, Williams K, González-Villalpando C, et al. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2676-2681.
2
Juo SH, Lu MY, Bai RK, et al. A common mitochondrial polymorphism 10398A>G is associated metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. Mitochondrion. 2010;10:294-299.
3
Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.
4
Aguilera CM, Olza J, Gil A. Genetic susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome in childhood. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28 Suppl 5:44-55.
5
Kristiansson K, Perola M, Tikkanen E, et al. Genome-wide screen for metabolic syndrome susceptibility Loci reveals strong lipid gene contribution but no evidence for common genetic basis for clustering of metabolic syndrome traits. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2012;5:242-249.
6
Gotoda T. Genetic susceptibility to metabolic syndrome. Nihon Rinsho. 2004;62:1037-1044.
7
Monda KL, North KE, Hunt SC, et al. The genetics of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2010;10:86-108.
8
Rooki H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Pourhosseingholi MA, et al. Association of LXRalpha polymorphisms with obesity and obesity-related phenotypes in an Iranian population. Ann Hum Biol. 2014;41:214-219.
9
Rooki H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Haerian MS, et al. Lack of association between LXRalpha and LXRbeta gene polymorphisms and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a case-control study of an Iranian population. Gene. 2013;532:288-293.
10
Dahlman I, Nilsson M, Gu HF, et al. Functional and genetic analysis in type 2 diabetes of liver X receptor alleles--a cohort study. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:27.
11
Dahlman I, Nilsson M, Jiao H, et al. Liver X receptor gene polymorphisms and adipose tissue expression levels in obesity. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006;16:881-889.
12
Legry V, Bokor S, Beghin L, et al. Associations between common genetic polymorphisms in the liver X receptor alpha and its target genes with the serum HDL-cholesterol concentration in adolescents of the HELENA Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;216:166-169.
13
Legry V, Cottel D, Ferrières J, et al. Association between liver X receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and risk of metabolic syndrome in French populations. International journal of obesity (2005). Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:421-428.
14
Mouzat K, Mercier E, Polge A, et al. A common polymorphism in NR1H2 (LXRbeta) is associated with preeclampsia. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:145.
15
Solaas K, Legry V, Retterstol K, et al. Suggestive evidence of associations between liver X receptor beta polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in three cohort studies: HUNT2 (Norway), MONICA (France) and HELENA (Europe). BMC Med Genet. 2010 12;11:144.
16
Janowski BA, Willy PJ, Devi TR, et al. An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha. Nature. 1996;383:728-731.
17
Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, et al. LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Genes Dev. 1995;9:1033-1045.
18
Lehmann JM, Kliewer SA, Moore LB, et al. Activation of the nuclear receptor LXR by oxysterols defines a new hormone response pathway. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:3137-3140.
19
Mitro N, Mak PA, Vargas L, et al. The nuclear receptor LXR is a glucose sensor. Nature. 2007;445:219-223.
20
Beaven SW, Tontonoz P. Nuclear receptors in lipid metabolism: targeting the heart of dyslipidemia. Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:313-29.
21
Peet DJ, Janowski BA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The LXRs: a new class of oxysterol receptors. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1998;8:571-575.
22
Terasaka N, Hiroshima A, Ariga A, et al. Liver X receptor agonists inhibit tissue factor expression in macrophages. FEBS J. 2005;272:1546-1556.
23
Lin J, Yang R, Tarr PT, et al. Hyperlipidemic effects of dietary saturated fats mediated through PGC-1beta coactivation of SREBP. Cell. 2005;120:261-273.
24
Jakobsson T, Venteclef N, Toresson G, et al. GPS2 is required for cholesterol efflux by triggering histone demethylation, LXR recruitment, and coregulator assembly at the ABCG1 locus. Mol Cell. 2009;34:510-518.
25
Kim GH, Park K, Yeom SY, et al. Characterization of ASC-2 as an antiatherogenic transcriptional coactivator of liver X receptors in macrophages. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23:966-974.
26
Schultz JR, Tu H, Luk A, et al. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes Dev. 2000;14:2831-2838.
27
Joseph SB, Laffitte BA, Patel PH, et al. Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:11019-11025.
28
Laffitte BA, Chao LC, Li J, et al. Activation of liver X receptor improves glucose tolerance through coordinate regulation of glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:5419-5924.
29
Cao G, Liang Y, Broderick CL, et al. Antidiabetic action of a liver x receptor agonist mediated by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:1131-1136.
30
Repa JJ, Berge KE, Pomajzl C, et al. Regulation of ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 by the liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:18793-187800.
31
Liang G, Yang J, Horton JD. Diminished hepatic response to fasting/refeeding and liver X receptor agonists in mice with selective deficiency of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:9520-9528.
32
Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, et al. Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:28240-28245.
33
Venkateswaran A, Laffitte BA, Joseph SB, et al. Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:12097-12102.
34
Repa JJ, Turley SD, Lobaccaro JA, et al. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science. 2000;289:1524-1529.
35
Rigamonti E, Helin L, Lestavel S, et al. Liver X receptor activation controls intracellular cholesterol trafficking and esterification in human macrophages. Circ Res. 2005;97:68268-68269.
36
Mak PA, Laffitte BA, Desrumaux C, et al. Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical role for nuclear liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:31900-31908.
37
Zhang Y, Repa JJ, Gauthier K, et al. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase by the oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:43018-43024.
38
Faulds MH, Zhao C, Dahlman-Wright K. Molecular biology and functional genomics of liver X receptors (LXR) in relationship to metabolic diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010;10:692-697.
39
Hong C, Bradley MN, Rong X, et al. LXRα is uniquely required for maximal reverse cholesterol transport and atheroprotection in ApoE-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 2012;53:1126-1133.
40
Ulven SM, Dalen KT, Gustafsson JA, et al. Tissue-specific autoregulation of the LXRalpha gene facilitates induction of apoE in mouse adipose tissue. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:2052-2062.
41
Xu P, Li D, Tang X, et al. LXR agonists: new potential therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48:715-728.
42
Cannon MV, van Gilst WH, de Boer RA. Emerging role of liver X receptors in cardiac pathophysiology and heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol. 2016;111:3.
43
Bradley MN, Hong C, Chen M, et al. Ligand activation of LXR beta reverses atherosclerosis and cellular cholesterol overload in mice lacking LXR alpha and apoE. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:2337-2346.
44
Kugimiya A, Takagi J, Uesugi M. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2007;52:1814-1815.
45
Tontonoz P, Mangelsdorf DJ. Liver X receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease. Mol Endocrinol. 2003;17:985-993.
46
Hong C, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors in lipid metabolism: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:433-444.
47
Lund EG, Peterson LB, Adams AD, et al. Different roles of liver X receptor alpha and beta in lipid metabolism: effects of an alpha-selective and a dual agonist in mice deficient in each subtype. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;71:453-463.
48
Quinet EM, Savio DA, Halpern AR, et al. Liver X receptor (LXR)-beta regulation in LXRalpha-deficient mice: implications for therapeutic targeting. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;70:1340-1349.
49
Fiévet C, Staels B. Liver X receptor modulators: effects on lipid metabolism and potential use in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;77:1316-1327.
50
Beaven SW, Matveyenko A, Wroblewski K, et al. Reciprocal regulation of hepatic and adipose lipogenesis by liver X receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2013;18:106-117.
51