ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Association of cytogenetics and immunophenotype in prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Literature Review
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of neoplastic disorder diagnosed in childhood. It is the cause of one third of all pediatric malignancies. ALL is characterized by the abnormal production and proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in bone marrow (BM). It seems that ALL occurs due to a genetic mutation in DNA structure producing white blood cell (WBC) stem cells. Because ALL is a systemic disease, its primary management is based on chemotherapy.There are important risk factors responsible for the poor prognosis of ALL in children less than 1 year old and greater than 10 years old, such as: high WBC, mature T cell ,mature B cell, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, DNA index < 1 (hypodiploid), triploidy, tetraploidy, Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene re-arrangement on 11q23, the Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22), reduction in platelet count, hemoglobin>10 at diagnosis, no remission at the end of induction therapy and Minimal residual disease at the end of consolidation therapy. Complications might appear during the treatment including tumor lysis syndrome, bleeding, renal failure, sepsis, seizure, thrombosis, etc. Some consequences might identify after a long-term follow-up such as learning impairment, growth retardation, and secondary malignancies. It is estimated that up to 90% of pediatric ALL cases are curable.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2199_28484daf1b78e37c8fb764711f4c6005.pdf
2014-02-01
2
6
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.002
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Cytogenetic
Immunophenotype
Prognosis
Abdollah
Banihashem
1
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Ghasemi
2
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lueisa
Tavasolian
3
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
H Ronald Hoffman BF, Philip McGlave, Leslie ES, Sanford JS, Edward JB Jr, Helen H. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2009.
1
Conter V, Bartram CR, Valsecchi MG, et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood. 2010;115:3206–3214.
2
Khalid S, Moiz B, Adil SN, et al. Retrospective review of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a single center experience. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010; 53:704-710.
3
Braoudaki M, Lambrou GI, Vougas K, et al. Protein biomarkers distinguish between high- and low-risk pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a tissue specific manner. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6:52.
4
Assumpção JG, Paula FD, Xavier SG, et al. Gene rearrangement study for minimal residual disease monitoring in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2013;35:337-342.
5
Kiyokawa N, Iijima K, Tomita O, et al. Significance of CD66c expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res. 2014;38:42-48.
6
Vitale A, Guarini A, Ariola C, et al. Absence of prognostic impact of CD13 and/or CD33 antigen expression in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of the GIMEMA ALL 0496 trial. Haematologica. 2007;92:342-348.
7
Zhao Y, Huang H, Wei G. Novel agents and biomarkers for acute lymphoid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol. 2013; 18;6:40.
8
Niedzielska E, Węcławek-Tompol J, Matkowska-Kocjan A, et al. The influence of genetic RFC1, MS and MTHFR polymorphisms on the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse in children and the adverse effects of methotrexate. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2013; 22:579-584.
9
Mazloumi SH, Madhumathi DS, Appaji L, et al. Combined study of cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a tertiary cancer centre in South India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13:3825-3827.
10
Bhojwani D, Howard SC, Pui CH. High-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2009;9:S222-230.
11
Matutes E, Morilla R, Farahat N, et al. Definition of acute biphenotypic leukemia. Haematologica. 1997;82:64-66.
12
McGregor S, McNeer J, Gurbuxani S. Beyond the 2008 World Health Organization classification: the role of the hematopathology laboratory in the diagnosis and management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2012;29:2-11.
13
Mi JQ, Wang X, Yao Y, et al. Newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China (II): prognosis related to genetic abnormalities in a series of 1091 cases. Leukemia. 2012;26:1507-1516.
14
Patkar N, Alex AA, B B, Ahmed R, Abraham A, George B, et al. Standardizing minimal residual disease by flow cytometry for precursor B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemiain a developing country. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2012;82:252-258.
15
Settin A, Al Haggar M, Al Dosoky T, et al. Prognostic cytogenetic markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cases from Mansoura, Egypt. Hematology. 2006;11:341-349.
16
Hilden JM, Dinndorf PA, Meerbaum SO. Analysis of prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants: report on CCG 1953 from the Children’s Oncology Group. Blood. 2006;108:441-451.
17
Hashemi A, Manochehri MA, Eslami Z, et al. Evaluation of Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblatic Leukemia Patients Admitted to ShahidSadoughi Hospital. Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Yazd. 2008;16:14-15.
18
Moorman A, Richards S, Robinson H, et al. Prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). Blood.2006;2326-2330.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of Tranexamic acid on cardiac surgery bleeding
Serious bleeding in cardiac surgery leads to re-exploration, blood transfusion and increases the risks of mortality and morbidity. Using the lysine analogous of antifibrionlytic agents are the preferred strategy to suppress the need for transfusion procedures and blood products. Although tranexamic acid has been very influential in reducing the transfusion requirement after operation, tranexamic acid induced seizures is one of the common side effects of this drug. Due to inhibiting the fibrinolysis, thrombotic events are other possible side effects of using tranexamic acid. There are no certain results regarding decreasing the mortality rate by using the drug but it is identified that tranexamic acid does not increase the mortality. In this article, we aimed to review the literature on using tranexamic acid in cardiac surgeries.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2201_8d02266e309d03389e3114411e703ce6.pdf
2014-02-01
7
11
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.003
Bleeding
Blood transfusion
Cardiac Surgery
Tranexamic acid
Mohammad
Esmaeelzadeh
1
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahram
Amini
2
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Daly DJ, Myles PS, Smith JA, et al. Anticoagulation, bleeding and blood transfusion practices in Australasian cardiac surgical practice. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:760-768.
1
Rogers MA, Blumberg N, Saint SK, et al. Allogeneic blood transfusions explain increased mortality in women after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am heart J. 2006;152:1028-1034.
2
Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, et al. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery.Circulation. 2007;116:2544-2252.
3
Hamaguchi I. Blood transfusion and infectious diseases. Rinsho Byori. 2013;61:414-417.
4
McQuilten ZK, Andrianopoulos N, Wood EM, et al. Transfusion practice varies widely in cardiac surgery: Results from a national registry. J Thorac Cardiovas Surg 2013;[Epub ahead of print].
5
Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, Schumann R, et al. Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3.
6
Zufferey P, Merquiol F, Laporte S, et al. Do antifibrinolytics reduce allogeneic blood transfusion in orthopedic surgery? Anesthesiology. 2006;105:1034-1046.
7
Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Cooke I. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000.
8
Chuong CJ, Brenner PF. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:787-792.
9
Schmarts. Antifibrinolytics. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2003;54:319-322.
10
Dowd NP, Karski J, Cheng D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:309-9.
11
Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in surgery and other indications. Drugs. 1999;57:1005-1032.
12
Dhir A. Antifibrinolytics in cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2013;16:117-125.
13
Ker K, Edwards P, Perel P, et al. Effect of tranexamic acid on surgical bleeding: systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;344:e3054.
14
Henry D, Carless P, Moxey A, et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011.
15
Guenther CR. Pro: tranexamic acid is better than aprotinin in decreasing bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1994;8:471-473.
16
Bell D, Marasco S, Almeida A, et al. Tranexamic Acid in cardiac surgery and postoperative seizures: a case report series. Heart Surg Forum. 2010;13:E257-259.
17
Murkin JM, Falter F, Granton J, et al. High-dose tranexamic acid is associated with nonischemic clinical seizures in cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2010;110:350-353.
18
Montes FR, Pardo Df, Carreno M, et al. Risk factors associated with postoperative seizures in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received tranexamic acid: a case-control study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2012;15:6-12.
19
Manji RA, Grocott HP, Leake J, et al. Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59:6-13.
20
Martin K, Wiesner G, Breuer T, et al. The risks of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery: a one-year follow-up of 1188 consecutive patients. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1783-1790.
21
Lecker I, Wang DS, Romaschin AD, et al. Tranexamic acid concentrations associated with human seizures inhibit glycine receptors. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:4654-4666.
22
Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:23-32.
23
Verstraete M. Clinical application of inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Drugs. 1985;29:236-261.
24
Koster A, Borgermann J, Zittermann A, et al. Moderate dosage of tranexamic acid during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and convulsive seizures: incidence and clinical outcome. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:34-40.
25
Armellin G, Vinciguerra A, Bonato R, et al. Tranexamic acid in primary CABG surgery: high vs low dose. Minerva Anestesiol. 2004;70:97-107.
26
Fiechtner BK, Nuttall GA, Johnson ME, et al. Plasma tranexamic acid concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:1131-1136.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
How to encounter the child in coma
Non-traumatic coma is a medical emergency and should be evaluated as soon as possible. Pediatric coma is more serious because of patient’s capacity of pathological stressor tolerance is limited especially in neonates.Several etiologies could be listed for loss of consciousness (LOC) and coma in childhood. According to the epidemiological studies, causes of coma are different all around the world. Glasgow Coma Scale has been used for coma scaling. In this review, we focused on some highlight causes of coma in pediatric medicine.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2202_9ff796f817163592b177b72d4c31b141.pdf
2014-02-01
12
16
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.004
Coma
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pediatric
Mohammad Hassan
Aelami
1
Department of Pediatrics, Infection Control & Hand Hygiene Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Sepideh
Bagheri
2
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Morteza
Rasti Sani
3
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kirkham FJ, Newton CR, Whitehouse W. Paediatric coma scales. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:267-274.
1
Le Roux PD, Jardine DS, Kanev PM, et al. Pediatric intracranial pressure monitoring in hypoxic and nonhypoxic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7:34-39.
2
Kirkham FJ. Non-traumatic coma in children. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85:303-312.
3
Dean JM, Kaufman ND. Prognostic indicators in pediatric near-drowning: the Glasgow coma scale. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:536-539.
4
Fleisher GR, Ludwig S. Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. 6 ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2010.
5
Kliegman R. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2011.
6
Pollard AJ, Britto J, Nadel S, et al. Emergency management of meningococcal disease. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:290-296.
7
Trubel HK, Novotny E, Lister G. Outcome of coma in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15:283-287.
8
Thimann DA, Huang CJ, Goto CS, et al. Benzonatate toxicity in a teenager resulting in coma, seizures, and severe metabolic acidosis. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2012;17:270-273.
9
Parvizi J, Damasio AR. Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma. Brain. 2003;126:1524-1536.
10
Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2638-2650.
11
Gualberto FA, de Oliveira MI, Alves VA, et al. Fulminant encephalitis associated with a vaccine strain of rubella virus. J Clin Virol. 2013;8:737-740.
12
Tellez de Meneses M, Vila MT, et al. Viral encephalitis in children. Medicina (B Aires). 2013;73:83-92.
13
Johnson RT. Acute encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:219-224.
14
Kulik DM, Uleryk EM, Maguire JL. Does this child have bacterial meningitis? A systematic review of clinical prediction rules for children with suspected bacterial meningitis. J Emerg Med. 2013;45:508-519.
15
Nickerson JP, Richner B, Santy K, et al. Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection--part 1: techniques and bacterial infections. J Neuroimaging. 2012;22:e42-51.
16
Caplivski D, Scheld WM. Consultations in infectious disease: A case based approach to diagnosis and management. Oxford University Press; 2012.
17
Legriel S, Marijon H, Darmon M, et al. Central neurological complications in critically ill patients with malignancies. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:232-240.
18
Shein SL, Reynolds TQ, Gedela S, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia for refractory status epilepticus in a child with malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy and mutation: A case report. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag. 2012;2:144-149.
19
Vagace JM, de la Maya MD, Caceres-Marzal C, et al. Central nervous system chemotoxicity during treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;84:274-286.
20
Gregorakos L, Sakayianni K, Hroni D, et al. Prolonged coma due to cerebral fat embolism: report of two cases. J Accid Emerg Med. 2000;17:144-146.
21
Takashima S, Becker LE. Neuropathology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1980;43:380-385.
22
de Ribaupierre S, Rilliet B, Cotting J, et al. A 10-year experience in paediatric spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage: which children with headache need more than a clinical examination? Swiss Med Wkly. 2008;138:59-69.
23
Rivkin MJ, Volpe JJ. Strokes in children. Pediatr Rev. 1996;17:265-278.
24
Na DG, Kim EY, Ryoo JW, et al. CT sign of brain swelling without concomitant parenchymal hypoattenuation: comparison with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology.2005;235:992-948.
25
Freundlich CL, Cervantes-Arslanian AM, Dorfman DH. Pediatric stroke. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2012;30:805-828.
26
Daugherty LE, Maffei F. Toxicology for the pediatric intensivist. In: Lucking SE, Maffei FA, Tamburro RF, et al. editors. Pediatric critical care study guide; 2012 p. 912-932.
27
Andiran N, Sarikayalar F. Pattern of acute poisonings in childhood in Ankara: what has changed in twenty years? Turk J Pediatr. 2004;46:147-152.
28
Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Magalhaes T. Children intoxications: what is abuse and what is not abuse. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2013;14:113-132.
29
Traub SJ, Kohn GL, Hoffman RS, et al. Pediatric “body packing”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:174-177.
30
Zuckerman GB, Uy CC. Shock, Metabolic acidosis, and coma following ibuprofen overdose in a child. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;29:869-871.
31
Roberts KE. Pediatric fluid and electrolyte balance: critical care case studies. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2005;17:361-373.
32
Kasapkara ÇS, Akar M, Yürük Yildirim ZN, et al. Severe renal failure and hyperammonemia in a newborn with propionic acidemia: effects of treatment on the clinical course. Renal Failure. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].
33
Krivitzky L, Babikian T, Lee HS, et al. Intellectual, adaptive, and behavioral functioning in children with urea cycle disorders. Pediatr Res. 2009;66:96-101.
34
Duncan CC, Ment LR, Shaywitz BA. Evaluation of level of consciousness by the Glasgow coma scale in children with Reye’s syndrome. Neurosurgery. 1983;13:650-653.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic focal brain lesions
The ability to differentiate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic focal brain lesions is critical for appropriate management of patient. Due to low specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adequate data for differentiating would not be provided.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is one of the newly supplementary methods for determining molecular structures and better differentiation among brain lesions. The applicability of MRI plus MRS in changing the histopathology is undetermined.In order to evaluate the benefits of magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with the conventional magnetic resonance imaging, we reviewed related literature till 2013.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2203_d9e7b115bbb55a9b9a932ad0cb0ccd8c.pdf
2014-02-01
17
20
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.005
Focal brain lesions
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Neoplastic
Sirous
Nekooei
1
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Bahareh
Haratizadeh
2
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alam MS, Sajjad Z, Hafeez S, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in focal brain lesions. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61:540-543.
1
QingShi Z, HePeng L, Kai Z, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of cerebral glioma grade by using multivoxel 3D proton MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29:25-31.
2
Winn HR. Youmans neurological surgery. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2011.
3
Statbite brain tumor incidence in U.S. 2004-2007. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:707.
4
Horská A, Barker PB. Imaging of Brain Tumors: MR Spectroscopy and Metabolic Imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2010;20:293-310.
5
Garg RK, Sinha MK. Multiple ring-enhancing lesions of the brain. J Postgrad Med. 2010;56:307-316.
6
Hagga JR, Dogra VS, Forsting M, et al. CT and MRI of the whole body. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2009.
7
Mariko T, Hirohiko K, Hidemasa U, et al. Tissue characterization of glioma by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: glioma grading and histological correlation. Clin Imaging. 2008;32:251-258.
8
Alger JR, Frank JA, Bizzi A, et al. Metabolism of human gliomas: assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopy and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Radiology. 1990;177:633-641.
9
Danielsen ER, Ross B. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy diagnosis of neurological diseases. 1st ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1999.
10
Castillo M, Kwock L, Scatliff J, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy in neoplastic and non-neoplastic brain disorders. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1998;1:1-20.
11
Meyerand ME, Pipas JM, Mamourian A, et al. Classification of biopsy-confirmed brain tumors using single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999; 20:117-123.
12
Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Gotsis SD, et al. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain tumors. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2000; 74:83-94.
13
Soares DP, Law M. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: review of metabolites and clinical applications. Clin radiology. 2009; 64:12-21.
14
Aydin H, Sipahioğlu S, Oktay NA, et al. The value of proton MR-spectroscopy in the differentiation of brain tumours from non-neoplastic brain lesions. 2011;94:1-10.
15
Conca W, Kamel SA, Venne D, et al. Transient involvement of the cerebral cortex in a flare of behcet’s syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:791-794.
16
Zeng Q, Liu H, Zhang K, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of cerebral glioma grade by using multivoxel 3D proton MR spectroscopy. Magn reson imaging. 2011;29:25-31.
17
Kickingereder P, Dorn F, Blau T, et al. Differentiation of local tumor recurrence from radiation-induced changes after stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastasis: case report and review of the literature. Radiat Oncol. 2013;8:52.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Serum zinc, copper, selenium, and lead levels in children with chronic renal failure
In the last two centuries, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal failure (RF) have been considered as the main medical problems which were fatal in many cases. Trace elements such as selenium, copper, and zinc are the components of biological enzymes which have a crucial role in decreasing reactive oxygen. The levels of these trace elements reduce in CKD patients. Close and careful nutritional support of children with CKD, particularly in the early stages of the disease, is necessary.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2204_d376d554c176dbed4387583e93f65cde.pdf
2014-02-01
21
24
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.006
chronic kidney disease
Renal failure
Trace elements
Forough
Rakhshanizadeh
1
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Esmaeeli
2
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Filler G, Felder S. Trace elements in dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
1
Prasad AS. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Adv Nutr. 2013;4:176-190.
2
Tomat AL, Costa Mde L, Arranz CT. Zinc restriction during different periods of life: influence in renal and cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition. 2011;27:392-398.
3
Nazari H, Nourmohammadi A. Status of zinc, copper and agnesium in serum and hair of insulin-dependent diabetes. Koomesh. 1991;1:37-41.
4
D’Ocon C, Alonso de Armiño V, Frasquet V. Levels of Zn and Cu in the serum of a diabetic population. Rev EspFisiol. 1978;43:335-338.
5
Jamshidi F, Tasalli E, Heshmat R, et al. Evaluation of Mg, Zn, and Cu serum levels in Diabetic and nondiabetic persons and their relationship with anemic situation in food regimes. Diabetes and Lipid J. 2010;9:249-259.
6
Metnitz GH, Fischer M, Bartens C, et al. Impact of acute renal failure on antioxidant status in multiple organ failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44:236-240.
7
Bowry SK, Gatti E. Impact of hemodialysis therapy on anemia of chronic kidney disease: the potential mechanisms. Blood Purif. 2011;32:210-219.
8
Zaher MM, Gaber M, Alrefaey A, et al. Assessment of some trace elements: copper, zinc and magnesium and their impact on CD3 and CD4 levels in children on chronic hemodialysis. Life Sci J. 2013;10:222- 230
9
El Tayeb AA, Abd El-Mottaleb NA, Abdel Aziz EA. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone and trace elements (serum zinc and magnesium) in hemodialyzed chronic renal failure children. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;128:128-134.
10
Esfahani ST, Hamidian MR, Madani A, et al. Serum zinc and copper levels in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:1153–1156.
11
Yaghmaee B, Bezarafashani MR, Abiri M. Serum level of aluminum and zinc in hemodialysis patients` in kerman. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 1994;1:166-170.
12
MarjaniA, Moujerlou M, Mansourian AR. Serum zincandcopper level before and after haemodialysis. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2003;5:10-14.
13
Mishra OP, Pooniya V, Ali Z, et al. Antioxidant status of children with acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:2047-2051.
14
Ari E, Kaya Y, Demir H, et al. The correlation of serum trace elements and heavy metals with carotid artery atherosclerosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;144:351-359.
15
Apostolidis NS, Panoussopoulos DG, Stamou KM, et al. Selenium metabolism in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2002;22:400-404.
16
Guo CH, Chen PC, Hsu GS, et al. Zinc supplementation alters plasma aluminum and selenium status of patients undergoing dialysis: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2013;5:1456-1470.
17
Palaneeswari M S, Rajan PM, Silambanan S, Jothimalar. Blood arsenic and cadmium concentrations in end-stage renal disease patients who were on maintenance haemodialysis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:809-813.
18
Elshamaa MF, Sabry S, Mokhtar I, et al. Aluminium and lead abnormalities in children on haemodialysis: relationship with some medications. Arch Med Sci. 2010 30;6:420-429.
19
Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Trace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Med. 2009;7:25.
20
Vanholder R, Cornelis R, Dhondt A, et al. The role of trace elements in uraemic toxicity. Nephrol Dial Tranplant.2002;2:2-8.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vasculitic peripheral neuropathy
Primary systemic vasculitis in pre-capillary arteries is associated with peripheral neuropathy. In some types of systematic vasculitis about 60 % of patients have peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement. In vasculitic peripheral neuropathies (VPN) a necrotizing and inflammatory process leads to narrowing of vasa nervorum lumen and eventually the appearance of ischemic lesions in peripheral nerves. Some features might be suggestive of VPN, like: axonal nerve degeneration, wallerian-like degeneration, and diameter irregularity of nerve. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) destruction during systemic vasculitides should be considered, due to its frequency and early occurrence in vasculitis progression. The first line treatment of non systematic VPNs is corticosteroid agents, but these drugs might worsen the VPNs or systemic vasculitis.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2205_8acd27cf72674f1fbd6bab2a3d64e472.pdf
2014-02-01
25
28
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.007
Mononeuropathy
Neuropathy
Vasculitis
Mona
Amini
1
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Boostani
2
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Sahebari
3
Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. Peripheral neuropathy in systemic vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17:41-48.
1
Gorson KC. Vasculitic neuropathies: an update. Neurologist. 2007;13:12-19.
2
Vrancken AF, Notermans NC, Jansen GH, et al. Progressive idiopathic axonal neuropathy--a comparative clinical and histopathological study with vasculitic neuropathy. J Neurol. 2004;251: 269-278.
3
Collins MP, Dyck PJ, Gronseth GS, et al. Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the classification, diagnosis, investigation, and immunosuppressive therapy of non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy: executive summary. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2010;15:176-184.
4
Finsterer J. Systemic and non-systemic vasculitis affecting the peripheral nerves. Acta Neurol Belg. 2009;109:100-113.
5
Rossi CM, Di Comite G. The clinical spectrum of the neurological involvement in vasculitides. J Neurol Sci. 2009;285:13-21.
6
Collins MP, Periquet MI. Isolated vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26:S118-130.
7
Correia Cda C, Teixeira HM, Melo RV. 8. Vasculitic neuropathy presenting as Churg-Strauss paraneoplastic syndrome: a rare association. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69:994-995.
8
Fauchais AL, Magy L, Vidal E. Central and peripheral neurological complications of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Presse Med. 2012; 41:e485-493.
9
Asakura K, Muto T. Neurological involvement in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Brain Nerve. 2013; 65:1311-1317.
10
Jamilloux Y, Magy L, Hurtevent JF, et al. Immunological profiles determine neurological involvement in Sjögren’s syndrome. Eur J Intern Med. 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
11
Mathew L, Talbot K, Love S, et al. Treatment of vasculitic peripheral neuropathy: a retrospective analysis of outcome. QJM. 2007;100:41-51.
12
Misra UK, Kalita J, Nair PP. Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2008;11:89-97.
13
Sampaio L, Silva LG, Terroso G,et al Vasculitic neuropathy. Acta Reumatol Port. 2011; 36:102-109.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Refractory seizures in children
Epilepsy is described as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome results from various cerebral destructions. It is categorized to partial and generalized forms. Degree of neural system impairment and affected area determine the severity and pattern of symptoms. Patients might experience sensory, motor, or both signs and symptoms. About 60% of epileptic patients suffer from partial type. It is estimated that up to 30% of epilepsy cases would not be controlled adequately despite sufficient and proper management. Anacyclus pyrethrum, Citrus aurantium var. amara, Paeonia officinalis, Rosa Damascena and Nigella Sativa are some of herbal drugs which have antiepileptic effect. Natural agents are valuable sources to treat chronic diseases and a huge number of world`s population believe herbs are effective and safe for daily primary health care needs. There is not enough evidence about their efficacy and safety obtained from randomized control trials.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2206_edc2f7af4baba9d43512b4505cdcf9c4.pdf
2014-02-01
29
32
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.008
Children
Epilepsy
Seizure
Seyed Ebrahim
Mansoorinejad
1
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farah
Ashrafzadeh
2
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Javad
Akhondian
3
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehran
Beiraghi Toosi
4
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Swaiman K, Ashwal S, Ferriero D, et al. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2011.
1
Chapell R, Retson J, Synder D. Management of treatment-resistant epilepsy: summary. In: AHRQ evidence report summaries; 2003.
2
Engel J. What is epilepsy? In: Engel J, Pedly TA, editors. Epilepsy: a comprehensive- textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott- raven; 2007 p. 76-80.
3
Hosseini M, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Sadeghnia HR, et al. Effects of different extracts of Rosa damascena on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice.Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011;9:1118-1124.
4
Suo C, Liao J, Lu X, et al. Efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet in Chinese children. Seizure.2013;22:174-178
5
Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, et al. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64:286-288.
6
Ashrafzadeh F, Rakhshandeh H, Mahmodi E. Rosa damascena oil: an adjuvant therapy for pediatric refractory seizures. Iran J child neurology.2007;1:13-17.
7
Giorelli AS, Passos P, Carnaval T, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and epilepsy: A Systematic Review.Epilepsy Res Treat. 2013.
8
Rezvani ME, Roohbakhsh A, Allahtavakoli M, et al. Anticonvulsant effect of aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis in amygdale kindled rats: possible involvement of adenosine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:313-318.
9
Debnath J, Sharma U, Kumar B et al. Anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of fruits of Terminalia chebula on experimental animals,” Int JDrug Dev Res. 2010;2:764–768.
10
Shojaii A, Abdollahi Fard M.Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Pimpinella anisum. ISRN Pharmaceutics. 2012;20:586-589.
11
Carvalho-Freitas MI, Costa M. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from Citrus aurantium L.Biol Pharm Bull. 2002;25:1629-1633.
12
Hung-Ming W, Liu CS, Tsai JJ, et al. Antioxidant and anticonvulsant effect of a modified formula of chaihu-longu-muli-tang.Am J Chin Med. 2002;30:339-346.
13
Ma R, Li S, Li X,et al. Clinical observation on 930 child epilepsy cases treated with anti-epilepsy capsules.J Tradit Chin Med. 2003;23:109-112.
14
Akhondian J, Kianifar H, Raoofziaee M, et al. The effect of thymoquinone on intractable pediatric seizures (pilot study). Epilepsy Res. 2011;93:39-43.
15
Wang T. Effects of Chinese medicine zhenxianling in 239 cases of epilepsy. J Tradit Chin Med. 1996;16:94-97.
16
Akhondian J, Parsa A, Rakhshande H. The effect of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin seed) on intractable pediatric seizures. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:555-559.
17
Zaidi SM, Pathan SA, Jain GA.Anticonvulsant and neuropharmacological studies of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract. Neurosci Res. 2009;65:250.
18
Sayyah M, Valizadeh J, Kamalinejad M. Anticonvulsan activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis against pentylenetetrazole- and maximal electroshock-induced seizures. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:212-216.
19
Cruz G, Felipe C, Scorza F. Piperine decreases pilocarpine-induced convulsions by GABAergic mechanisms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;104:144-153.
20
Gilani AH, Aziz N, Khan MA. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the anticonvulsant, sedative and antispasmodic activities of Lavandula stoechas L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;7:161-167.
21
Abdollahi Fard M, Shojaii A. Efficacy of Iranian traditional medicine in the treatment of epilepsy. Biomed Res Int. 2013.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The overexpression of COX 2 in Wilms’ tumor
Cyclooxygenase 2 has become an important pharmacological target in anticancer therapy due to the over expression of COX 2 in pathological conditions. Wilms’ tumor is a common kidney cancer in children which has shown an increase in COX 2 enzyme level. Here we reviewed various articles that considered the cyclooxygenase 2 changes specifically in Wilms’ tumor regarding the mechanisms of action and inhibitors of COX 2.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2207_48fb82958431523c7a61ae21a3844726.pdf
2014-02-01
33
37
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.009
Cyclooxygenase
Kidney
Prostaglandins
Wilms’ tumor
Sara
Hashemi
1
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Davidoff AM. Wilms tumor. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:357.
1
Xu XC. COX-2 inhibitors in cancer treatment and prevention, a recent development. Anticancer Drugs. 2002;13:127-137.
2
Dempke W, Rie C, Grothey A, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel target for cancer chemotherapy? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2001;127:411-417.
3
Fitzpatrick FA. Cyclooxygenase enzymes: regulation and function. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:577-588.
4
Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, et al. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. The FASEB journal. 1998;12:1063-1073.
5
Chan G, Boyle JO, Yang EK, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res. 1999;59:991-994.
6
Tucker ON, Dannenberg AJ, Yang EK, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 1999;59:987-990.
7
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:241-6.
8
Park A-R, Kim H-S, Park C-S. COX-2 and Survivin Expression in Neuroblastomas Associated with Tumor Growth and Behavior. Chonnam Med J. 2009;45:9-18.
9
Wu AW, Gu J, Li Z-F, et al. COX-2 expression and tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:2323-2326.
10
Mann JR, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer J. 2004;10:145-152.
11
Edwards J, Mukherjee R, Munro A, et al. HER2 and COX2 expression in human prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:50-55.
12
Ristimäki A, Sivula A, Lundin J, et al. Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62:632-635.
13
Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H, et al. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 1998;58:3761-3764.
14
Breyer MD, Hao C-m, Qi Z. Cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and the kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001;7:393-400.
15
Melk A, Schmidt BM, Takeuchi O, et al. Expression of p16INK4a and other cell cycle regulator and senescence associated genes in aging human kidney. Kidney Int. 2004;65:510-520.
16
Rivera MN, Haber DA. Wilms’ tumour: connecting tumorigenesis and organ development in the kidney. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:699-712.
17
Fridman E, Pinthus J, Kopolovic J,et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in Wilms tumor: immunohistochemical study using tissue microarray methodology. J Urol. 2006;176:1747-1750.
18
Giordano G, Campanini N, Donofrio V, et al. Analysis of Cox-2 expression in Wilms’ tumor. Pathol Res Pract. 2008;204:875-582.
19
Lee A, Frischer J, Serur A, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 disrupts tumor vascular mural cell recruitment and survival signaling. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4378-4384.
20
Li MH, Sanchez T, Milne GL, et al. S1P/S1P2 signaling induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Wilms tumor. J Urol. 2009;181:1347-1352.
21
Hsieh HL, Wu CB, Sun CC, et al. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces COX-2 expression via PI3K/Akt and p42/p44 MAPK pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2006;207:757-566.
22
Ki SH, Choi MJ, Lee CH, et al. Galpha12 specifically regulates COX-2 induction by sphingosine 1-phosphate. Role for JNK-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of IkappaBalpha. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:1938-1947.
23
Im Kim J, Jo EJ, Lee H-Y, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate in amniotic fluid modulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human amnion-derived WISH cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:31731-31736.
24
Williams CS, Tsujii M, Reese J, et al. Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:1589-1594.
25
Connolly E, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Kaye E, et al. Cyclooxygenase isozyme expression and intimal hyperplasia in a rat model of balloon angioplasty. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;300:393-398.
26
Ma L, del Soldato P, Wallace JL. Divergent effects of new cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulcer healing: shifting the angiogenic balance. Proc Nati Acad Sci. 2002;99:13243-13247.
27