ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Medical treatment for hepatopulmonary syndrome: a systematic review
Introduction: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is known as a chronic liver disease associated with severe pulmonary deoxygenation due to intrapulmonary vascular vasodilation. Although liver transplantation is accepted as a main treatment of HPS, identifying effective drugs for recovery of HPS can be effective in postponing the transplantation and decreasing the mortality rate of patients before the transplantation. In this study we briefly reviewed the pathogenesis of HPS and also systematically reviewed the current pharmacological treatment of HPS. Method: Pubmed, Scopus, and Google scholar were searched for the relevant English language clinical and experimental articles about the medications used in the treatment of HPS. Results: A total of 38 articles were included in this study which mostly resulted in decreasing NOS expression, NO production, endothelin-1 activation, intrapulmonary angiogenesis and increasing oxygenation.Conclusion: Various drugs have been proposed in treatment of HPS but more large controlled trial studies, is necessary to determine the exact efficacy of each drugs for HPS recovery.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3255_707890e285326fced35f7604fbc508e1.pdf
2014-10-01
165
175
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.001
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Liver disease
Pentoxifylline
Leili
Zarifmahmoudi
1
Clinical Research Development Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Khalesi
khalesim@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Pediatrics, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramin
Sadeghi
3
Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Ali
Jafari
4
Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Kiani
5
Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamidreza
Kianifar
6
Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Krowka MJ. Hepatopulmonary syndromes. Gut. 2000;46:1-4.
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56
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68
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The efficacy of aspirin and dipyridamole on the patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts; Review of the randomized control trials
Vascular access failure is known as a principal cause of morbidity of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The major reason for vascular access failure is the neointimal hyperplasia which leads to venous thrombosis and stenosis. The efficacy of different pharmacological therapies has been studied in increasing the vascular access patency duration or decreasing the thrombosis of arteriovenous grafts or fistulas. In the current review, we reviewed the results obtained in different randomized control trials considering the efficacy of pharmacotherapy on the thrombosis rate and duration of vascular access grafts patency in HD patients.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3155_2819066b221e6c72664322c1baaa1dc6.pdf
2014-10-01
176
182
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.002
Arteriovenous graft
hemodialysis
Thrombosis
Hasan
Ravari
1
Department of Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Azin
Banihashem
2
Department of Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Vejdani
3
Department of Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamhosein
Kazemzadeh
4
Department of Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Eggers PW. Has the incidence of end-stage renal disease in the USA and other countries stabilized? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:241-245.
1
Santoro A, Canova C, Freyrie A, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 2006;19:259-264.
2
Grapsa EJ, Paraskevopoulos AP, Moutafis SP, et al. Complications of vascular access in hemodialysis (HD)--aged vs adult patients. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1998;8:21-24.
3
Miller PE, Carlton D, Deierhoi MH, et al. Natural history of arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:68-74.
4
Chemla ES, Morsy M. A European perspective on the Dialysis Access Consortium (DAC) study regarding the effects of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:229-230.
5
Gallieni M, Saxena R, Davidson I. Dialysis access in europe and north america: are we on the same path? Semin Intervent Radiol. 2009;26:96-105.
6
Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, et al. Timing of nephrologist referral and arteriovenous access use: the CHOICE Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:494-501.
7
Bourquelot P. Vascular access in children: the importance of microsurgery for creation of autologous arteriovenous fistulae. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:696-700.
8
Davidson I, Chan D, Dolmatch B, et al. Duplex ultrasound evaluation for dialysis access selection and maintenance: a practical guide. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:1-9.
9
Woods JD, Port FK. The impact of vascular access for haemodialysis on patient morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:657-659.
10
Allon M. Current management of vascular access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:786-800.
11
Smits JH, Van der Linden J, Blankestijn PJ, et al. Coagulation and haemodialysis access thrombosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1755-1760.
12
Thijs A, Nanayakkara PW, Ter Wee PM, et al. Mild-to-moderate renal impairment is associated with platelet activation: a cross-sectional study. Clin Nephrol. 2008;70:325-331.
13
Weiss MF, Scivittaro V, Anderson JM. Oxidative stress and increased expression of growth factors in lesions of failed hemodialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:970-980.
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15
Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JF. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2007;116:85-97.
16
Song IS, Yang WS, Kim SB, et al. Association of plasma fibrinogen concentration with vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:137-141.
17
Lilly RZ, Carlton D, Barker J, et al. Predictors of arteriovenous graft patency after radiologic intervention in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:945-953.
18
Saran R1, Dykstra DM, Wolfe RA, et al. Association between vascular access failure and the use of specific drugs: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1255-1263.
19
Gamboa A, Abraham R, Diedrich A, et al. Role of adenosine and nitric oxide on the mechanisms of action of dipyridamole. Stroke. 2005;36:2170-2175.
20
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28
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29
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30
Dixon BS, Beck GJ, Vazquez MA, et al. Effect of dipyridamole plus aspirin on hemodialysis graft patency. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2191-2201.
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32
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33
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34
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Iontophoresis in ophthalmology: A review of the literature
Drug delivery to the inner part of the eye is still a problem in treatment of ocular disease. Iontophoresis has been used in the field of medicine for many years. This technique consists of applying a weak electrical current to drive charged drug molecules across tissue barriers. Transcorneal iontophoresis delivers a high concentration of drug to the anterior segment of the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, ciliary body, iris, and lens), for the treatment of anterior segment diseases. There are different types of iontophoresis such as ophthalmic, transdermal, transungual, oral, buccal, and transnasal. The benefit of iontophoretic drug delivery in ophthalmology lays in its capacity to provide high drug tissue concentration safely, while minimizing the systemic drug exposure. This review summarizes basics of ocular iontophoresis and iontophoretic device, trans corneal and transscleral iontophoresis, and the applications of iontophoresis in ophthalmology.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3156_7fdc43704bc194f7526734135a91199c.pdf
2014-10-01
183
188
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.003
Iontophoresis
Ocular
Transcorneal
Transscleral
Naser
Shoeibi
shoeibin@mums.ac.ir
1
Retina Research Center, Department of Ophtalmology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Mehran
Mahdizadeh
2
Retina Research Center, Department of Ophtalmology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoud
Shafiee
shafiee.masoud.ophth@gmail.com
3
Retina Research Center, Department of Ophtalmology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Rajendra Vivek B, Dhamecha Dinesh L, Deshpande Swapnil T, et al. Ocular iontophoresis: A Reniew. Inventi Impact: NDDS. 2010.
1
Gajjar V, Gupta SK , Singhvi IJ , et al. Application studies and various devices of ocular iontophoresis. Asian J Pharm Sci and Clin Res. 2011;1:41-54.
2
Behar-Cohen F. Current-mediated Ocular Drug Delivery Iontophoresis and electroporation as drug-delivery systems. Retinal Physician. 2012;9:52-56.
3
Fishman PH, Jay WM, Rissing JP, et al. Iontophoresis of gentamicin into aphakic rabbit eyes. Sustained vitreal levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984;25:343-345.
4
Leduc S. Introduction of medical substances into the depth of tissues by electric current. Ann d’electrobiologie. 1900; 3:545-560.
5
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6
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7
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8
Rigano W, Yanik M, Barone FA, et al. Antibiotic iontophoresis in the management of burned ears. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1992;13:407-409.
9
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10
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12
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Monti D, Saccomani L, Chetoni P, et al. Effect of iontophoresis on transcorneal permeation ‘in vitro’ of two beta-blocking agents, and on corneal hydration. Int J Pharm. 2003;250:423-429.
19
Eljarrat-Binstock E, Domb AJ. Iontophoresis: a non-invasive ocular drug delivery. J Control Release. 2006;110:479-489.
20
Hayden B, Jockovich ME, Murray TG, et al. Iontophoretic delivery of carboplatin in a murine model of retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3717-3721.
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Sarraf D, Lee DA. The role of iontophoresis in ocular drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1994;10:69-81.
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Cohen AE1, Assang C, Patane MA, et al. Evaluation of dexamethasone phosphate delivered by ocular iontophoresis for treating noninfectious anterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:66-73.
23
Patane MA, Schubert W, Sanford T, et al. Evaluation of Ocular and General Safety Following Repeated Dosing of Dexamethasone Phosphate Delivered by Transscleral Iontophoresis in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2013;29:760-769.
24
Voigt M, Kralinger M, Kieselbach G, et al. Ocular aspirin distribution: a comparison of intravenous, topical, and coulomb-controlled iontophoresis administration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:3299-3306.
25
Hayden BC, Jockovich ME, Murray TG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of systemic versus focal Carboplatin chemotherapy in the rabbit eye: possible implication in the treatment of retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004; 45:3644-3649.
26
Behar-Cohen FF, El Aouni A, Gautier S, et al. Transscleral Coulomb-controlled iontophoresis of methylprednisolone into the rabbit eye: influence of duration of treatment, current intensity and drug concentration on ocular tissue and fluid levels. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74:51-59.
27
Jones RF, Maurice DM. New methods of measuring the rate of aqueous flow in man with fluorescein. Exp Eye Res. 1966;5:208-220.
28
Rootman DS, Hobden JA, Jantzen JA, et al. Iontophoresis of tobramycin for the treatment of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in the rabbit. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:262-265.
29
Choi TB, Lee DA. Transscleral and transcorneal iontophoresis of vancomycin in rabbit eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1988; 4:153-164.
30
Barza M, Peckman C, Baum J. Transscleral iontophoresis as an adjunctive treatment for experimental endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1418-1420.
31
Lam TT, Edward DP, Zhu XA, et al. Transscleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989; 107:1368-1371.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Role of brain CT scan in the diagnosis of patients with minor head injury in trauma emergency center
Currently, a large burden of hospital admissions is related to minor head trauma and its related imaging studies. One of the challenging issues for emergency physicians is brain computed tomography scan. Sensible use of computed tomography studies could minimize unnecessary radiation exposure and resource use. On the other hand, it can result in delayed or missed early treatment of intracranial injury.The aim of this review is to evaluate and summarize the costs and benefits of using diagnostic measurements in minor head trauma with particular focus on computed tomography scan and the advances and limitations of available guidelines. We studied different issues related to the current approach to minor head trauma in emergency departments. Altogether, it seems using brain computed tomography scan in the setting of emergency is a cost-effective method for the selected patients with minor head injury. However, concerning considerable costs of caring for patients with head injury and high sensitivity of brain computed tomography in terms of minor head injury, it seems reasonable to use brain computed tomography scan for a wider range of patients with minor head injury.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3158_c9e683fa59befa0e686c1b9693078b78.pdf
2014-10-01
189
193
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.004
Computed tomography scan
Emergency Department
Intracranial injury
Minor head trauma
Ali
Mousavi Jafarabad
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Amirmasoud
Hashemian
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, et al. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004;(43 Suppl):28-60.
1
Mack LR, Chan SB, Silva JC, et al. The use of head computed tomography in elderly patients sustaining minor head trauma. J Emerg Med. 2003;24:157-162.
2
Stein SC, Ross SE. Minor head injury: A proposed strategy for emergency management. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1193-1196.
3
Abdul Latip LS, Ahmad Alias NA, Ariff AR, et al. CT scan in minor head injury: A guide for rural doctors. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:835-839.
4
Ono K, Wada K, Takahara T, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with mild head injury. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47:291-297.
5
Shackford SR, Wald SL, Ross SE, et al. The clinical utility of computed tomographic scanning and neurologic examination in the management of patients with minor head injuries. J Trauma. 1992;33:385-394.
6
Fisher JD, Brown SN, Cooke MW. UK Ambulance Service Clinical Practice Guidelines. London: Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee and Ambulance Service Association; 2006.
7
National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). Head injury. Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK); 2007.
8
Taheri PA, Karamanoukian H, Gibbons K, et al. Can patients with minor head injuries be safely discharged home? Arch Surg. 1993;128 : 289-292.
9
Servadei F, Vergoni G, Nasi MT, et al. Management of low-risk head injuries in an entire area: results of an 18-month survey. Surg Neurol. 1993;39:269-275.
10
Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:100-105.
11
Pitts SR, Niska RW, Xu J, et al. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2006 emergency department summary. Natl Health Stat Report. 2008;7:1-38.
12
Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al. Traumatic acute subdural hematoma: major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within four hours. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:1511-1518.
13
Marshall LF, Toole BM, Bowers SA. The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 2: Patients who talk and deteriorate: implications for treatment. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:285-288.
14
Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K,et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357:1391-1396.
15
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Early management of patients with a head injury: A national clinical guideline. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 2000.
16
Mower WRH, Hoffman HJ, Herbert M, et al. Developing a decision instrument to guide computed tomographic imaging of blunt head injury patients. J Trauma. 2005;59:954-959.
17
Vos PE, Battistin L, Birbamer G, et al. EFNS guideline on mild traumatic brain injury: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9:207-219.
18
Af Geijerstam JL, Britton M, Marke LA. Mild head injury: observation or computed tomography? Economic aspects by literature review and decision analysis. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:54-58.
19
Af Geijerstam JL, Oredsson S, Britton M, et al. Medical outcome after immediate computed tomography or admission for observation in patients with mild head injury: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333:465.
20
Norlund A, Marke LA, af Geijerstam JL, et al. Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333:469.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (A literature review)
Heart failure (HF) is a serious and growing public health concern, which has many causes. Pregnancy is a critical condition with significant hemodynamic and immunologic changes. Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a disease of unknown cause in which left ventricular (LV) dysfunction occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy or the early puerperium. PPCM is known to be the most common cardiovascular cause of severe complications in pregnancy. Risk factors for peripartum cardiomyopathy include advanced maternal age, twin pregnancy, smoking, pregnancy-related hypertension and preeclampsia, multiparity, African descent, and long-term tocolysis. Oxidative stress and some inflammatory markers have been diagnosed in PPCM pathophysiology. Recent observations have suggested that bromocriptine might favor recovery of LV systolic function in patients with PPCM. Patients developed peripartum cardiomiopathy treated with bromocriptine showed significantly improved LV ejection fraction and heart failure symptoms. This article tries to have a short review on this clinical scenario.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3159_4bc5add41299d1d435524eddb89fcab3.pdf
2014-10-01
194
199
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.005
Bromocriptine
heart failure
Peri Partum Cardiomuopathy
Farveh
Vakilian
vakilianf@mums.ac.ir
1
Preventive Cardiovascular Care Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fateme
Tara
taraf@mums.ac.ir
2
Prenatal Care Research Center, School of Medicine, Omolbanin Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fateme
Moosavi
mousavi_f61@yahoo.com
3
Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:e147-239.
1
Reimold SC, Rutherford JD. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1629-1630.
2
Walenta K, Schwarz V, Schirmer SH, et al. Circulating microparticles as indicators of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1469-1479.
3
Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Struman I, Hoch M, et al. 16-kDa prolactin and bromocriptine in postpartum cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2012;9:174-182.
4
Melchiorre K, Sutherland GR, Baltabaeva A, et al. Maternal Cardiac Dysfunction in women with Preeclampsia in Term. Hypertension. 2011;57:85-93.
5
Powe CE, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia a disease of Maternal Endothelium.The role of angiogenic Fatctors and Implication of late Cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;123:2856-2869.
6
Leaños-Miranda A, Márquez-Acosta J, Cárdenas-Mondragón GM,et al. Unirary Prolactin as a reliable marker for Preeclampsia, Its severity, and the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2492-2499.
7
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Borghi C,et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:3147-3197.
8
Chopra S, Verghese PP, Jacob JJ. Bromocriptine as a new therapeutic agent for peripartum cardiomyopathy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:S60.
9
Ballo P, Betti I, Mangialavori G, et al. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Presenting with Predominant Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: Efficacy of Bromocriptine. Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:476903.
10
Habedank D, Kühnle Y, Elgeti T, et al. Recovery from peripartum cardiomyopathy after treatment with bromocriptine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10:1149-1151.
11
Fett JD. Caution in the use of bromocriptine in peripartum cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51: 2083-2084.
12
Sliwa K, Blauwet L, Tibazarwa K, et al. Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: a proof-of-concept pilot study. Circulation. 2010;121:1465-1473.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
HCV prevalence and predominant genotype in IV drug users
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes 308000 deaths due to liver cancer and 758000 deaths due to cirrhosis every year. Almost 170 million people have HCV infection around the world. Information regarding this virus helps us to determine the prevalence of other hepatitis C genotypes in population, especially in intravenous drug users. It is assumed that some genotypes are more common in certain areas or groups of people. A recent study strongly confirms the central role of injecting network traits, not only as a transmission factor but also as a predictor of HCV genotype and phylogenetic determination in different communities. Hepatitis C genotypes and subtypes have different prevalence considering the country. Risk factors such as transfusion, hemodialysis, root of acquisition and etc, are detected in intravenous drug users. Several conducted studies have investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and predominance of HCV genotypes infection in different parts of Iran.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3154_9d47b46007db6706af8a9c9c899e6dce.pdf
2014-10-01
200
206
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.006
Genotype
Intravenous drug users (IDUS)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Asad
Andalibalshohada
1
Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Abdolrahim
Rezaii
2
Department of Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Farshid
Abedi
3
Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mathers C, Fat DM, Organization WH, Boerma JT. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
1
Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
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Zanetti AR. Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. J Viral Hepat. 1999;6:35-47.
3
Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989;244:359-362.
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5
Te HS, Jensen DM. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. Clin Liver Dis. 2010;14:1-21.
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14
Woodfield DG, Harness M, Rix-Trott K, et al. Identification and genotyping of hepatitis C virus in injectable and oral drug users in New Zealand. Aust N Z J Med. 1994;24:47-50.
15
Harris KA, Gilham C, Mortimer PP, et al. The most prevalent hepatitis C virus genotypes in England and Wales are 3a and 1a. J Med Virol. 1999;58:127-131.
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Zein NN. Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:223-235.
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Krekulova L, Rehak V, Madrigal N, et al. Genotypic and epidemiologic characteristics of hepatitis C virus infections among recent injection drug user and nonuser populations. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1435-1438.
19
Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, et al. High prevalence of genotype 4 among hepatitis C virus-infected intravenous drug users in north-eastern Poland. J Med Virol. 2008;80:615-618.
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Aitken CK, McCaw RF, Bowden DS, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in a social network of injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1586-1595.
21
Brewer DD, Hagan H, Sullivan DG, et al. Social structural and behavioral underpinnings of hyperendemic hepatitis C virus transmission in drug injectors. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:764-772.
22
Pilon R, Leonard L, Kim J, et al. Transmission patterns of HIV and hepatitis C virus among networks of people who inject drugs. PLoS One. 2011;6:e22245.
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Sacks-Davis R, Daraganova G, Aitken C, et al. Hepatitis C virus phylogenetic clustering is associated with the social-injecting network in a cohort of people who inject drugs. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47335.
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De P, Cox J, Boivin JF, et al. The importance of social networks in their association to drug equipment sharing among injection drug users: a review. Addiction. 2007;102:1730-1739.
25
Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews. Lancet. 2011;378:571-583.
26
Rezvan H, Abolghassemi H, Kafiabad SA. Transfusion-transmitted infections among multitransfused patients in Iran: a review. Transfus Med. 2007;17:425-433.
27
Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, et al. Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet. 2008;372:1733-1745.
28
Zamani S, Radfar R, Nematollahi P, et al. Prevalence of HIV/HCV/HBV infections and drug-related risk behaviours amongst IDUs recruited through peer-driven sampling in Iran. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21:493-500.
29
Kheirandish P, SeyedAlinaghi S, Jahani M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C infection among male injection drug users in detention, Tehran, Iran. J Urban Health. 2009;86:902-908.
30
Zamani S, Ichikawa S, Nassirimanesh B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Tehran. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18:359-363.
31
Mohammad Alizadeh AH, Alavian SM, Jafari K, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its related risk factors in drug abuser prisoners in Hamedan--Iran. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:4085-4089.
32
Mohtasham Amiri Z, Rezvani M, Jafari Shakib R, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors of drug using prisoners in Guilan province. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13:250-256.
33
Rahbar AR, Rooholamini S, Khoshnood K. Prevalence of HIV infection and other blood-borne infections in incarcerated and non-incarcerated injection drug users (IDUs) in Mashhad, Iran. Int J Drug Policy. 2004;15:151-155.
34
Khani M, Vakili M. Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in drug addicts among Zanjan prisoners. Arch Iranian Med. 2003;6:1-4.
35
Asgari F, Gouya M, Fotouhi K, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among Iranian prisoners and its relation with addiction, 2001-2005. Hakim. 2008;11:1.
36
Zali M, Nowroozi A, Amir-rasooly H, et al. Prevalence of anti HCV antibody and routes of hematological transmission addicts of Ghasr prison. Pajouhesh.1998;22:26-32.
37
Micalessi MI, Gerard C, Ameye L, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among injecting drug users in contact with treatment centers in Belgium, 2004-2005. J Med Virol. 2008;80:640-645.
38
Dal Molin G, Ansaldi F, Biagi C, et al. Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Northeast Italy. J Med Virol. 2002;68:352-356.
39
Samimi-Rad K, Shahbaz B. Hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with thalassemia and inherited bleeding disorders in Markazi province, Iran. Haemophilia. 2007;13:156-163.
40
Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Keyvani H, Kasiri H, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hemodialysis patients in Tehran--a multicenter study. J Med Virol. 2006;78:569-573.
41
Alavian SM, Miri SM, Keshvari M, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Iranian multiply transfused patients with thalassemia. Transfusion. 2009;49:2195-2199.
42
Assarehzadegan MA, Shakerinejad G, Noroozkohnejad R, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C and B infection and HC V genotypes among hemodialysis patients in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20:681-684.
43
Keyvani H, Alizadeh AH, Alavian SM, et al. Distribution frequency of hepatitis C virus genotypes in 2231 patients in Iran. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:101-103.
44
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Mousavi SF, Moosavy SH, Alavian SM, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with hepatitis C virus infection in hormozgan, iran. Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e14324.
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Joukar F, Khalesi AK, Jafarshad R, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in haemodialysis patients of Guilan, northern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18:236-240.
47
Alavian SM, Gholami B, Masarrat S. Hepatitis C risk factors in Iranian volunteer blood donors: a case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:1092-1097.
48
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Abedi F, Madani H, Asadi A, et al. Significance of blood-related high-risk behaviors and horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Iran. Arch Virol. 2011;156:629-635.
50
Zali M-R, Aghazadeh R, Nowroozi A, et al. Anti-HCV antibody among Iranian IV drug users: is it a serious problem. Arch Iran Med. 2001;4:115-119.
51
Alavian S-M, Adibi P, Zali M-R. Hepatitis C virus in Iran: Epidemiology of an emerging infection. Arch Iranian Med. 2005;8:84-90.
52
Hellard ME, Hocking JS, Crofts N. The prevalence and the risk behaviours associated with the transmission of hepatitis C virus in Australian correctional facilities. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:409-415.
53
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54
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56
Lopes CL, Teles SA, Espirito-Santo MP, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users, Central-Western Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43 Suppl 1:43-50.
57
Xia X, Luo J, Bai J, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health. 2008;122:990-1003.
58
Judd A, Hutchinson S, Wadd S, et al. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, hepatitis C virus infection among recent initiates to injecting in London and Glasgow: cross sectional analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12:655-662.
59
Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Navaratnam V. Prevalence rates and risk factors for hepatitis C among drug users not in treatment in Malaysia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009;28:447-454.
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Paintsil E, Verevochkin SV, Dukhovlinova E, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among drug injectors in St Petersburg, Russia: social and molecular epidemiology of an endemic infection. Addiction. 2009;104:1881-1890.
61
Muasya T, Lore W, Yano K, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and its genotypes among a cohort of drug users in Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2008;85:318-325.
62
Liu JY, Lin HH, Liu YC, et al. Extremely high prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected injection drug users in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1761-1768.
63
Shrestha SM, Shrestha S, Tsuda F, et al. Infection with GB virus C and hepatitis C virus in drug addicts, patients on maintenance hemodialysis, or with chronic liver disease in Nepal. J Med Virol. 1997;53:157-161.
64
Aspinall EJ, Weir A, Sacks-Davis R, et al. Does informing people who inject drugs of their hepatitis C status influence their injecting behaviour? Analysis of the Networks II study. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25:179-182.
65
Amin J, Law MG, Bartlett M, et al. Causes of death after diagnosis of hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection: a large community-based linkage study. Lancet. 2006;368:938-945.
66
Gibson A, Randall D, Degenhardt L. The increasing mortality burden of liver disease among opioid-dependent people: cohort study. Addiction. 2011;106:2186-2192.
67
Swan T. The hepatitis C treatment pipeline report. Treatment action group. 2011.
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Palmateer N, Kimber J, Hickman M, et al. Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews. Addiction. 2010;105:844-859.
69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A review of acute central serous chorioretinopathy
Central serous chorioretinopathy is a common cause of visual morbidity. It is characterized by idiopathic serous retinal detachment in macular or paramacular regions. The symptoms of the CSC include decreased vision, micropsia and metamorphopsia. The prognosis of the disease is good and almost 90% of patients obtain visual recovery in a few months. However, in less than 5% of patients the chronic disease with poor prognosis is developed. The acceptable approach is to observe patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy, because central serous chorioretinopathy is self-limited. The pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy is not clear and not well understood. Therefore, various medical treatments have been suggested such as propranolol, indomethacin, bevacizumab, acetazolamide, mifepristone, labetalol, etc. However, wait and watch would be the most recommended management of the central serous chorioretinopathy.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3157_dc0653931f5de949d6ba8f782f0a9c18.pdf
2014-10-01
207
210
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.007
Central serous chorioretinopathy
serous retinal detachment
acute visual loss
Mirnaghi
Moosavi
1
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Mokhtari
2
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoud
Shafiee
shafieem891@mums.ac.ir
3
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Tarantola RM, Law JC, Recchia FM, et al. Photodynamic therapy as treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Lasers Surg Med. 2008;40:671-675.
1
Yanoff M, Duker JS, Augsburger JJ. Ophthalmology. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2009.
2
Marcuson J, Riley T. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Optometry. 2008;79:241-251.
3
Yap EY, Robertson DM. The long-term outcome of central serous chorioretinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:689-692.
4
Bujarborua D, Chatterjee S, Choudhury A, et al. Fluorescein angiographic features of asymptomatic eyes in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2005;25:422-429.
5
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8
Tasman W, Jaeger EA. Duane’s Opthalmology. 7 ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
9
Caccavale A, Romanazzi F, Imparato M, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a pathogenetic model. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:239-243.
10
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11
Spitznas M. Pathogenesis of central serous retinopathy: a new working hypothesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1986;224:321-324.
12
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13
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14
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15
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16
Beger I, Koss MJ, Koch F. Treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy: MicroPulse photocoagulation versus bevacizumab. Ophthalmologe. 2012;109:1224-1232.
17
Klein ML, Van Buskirk EM, Friedman E, et al. Experience with nontreatment of central serous choroidopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91:247-250.
18
Chrapek O, Spackova K, Rehak J. Treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy with beta blockers. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2002;58:382-386.
19
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20
Nielsen JS, Bachhawat A, Jampol LM. A case of chronic severe central serous chorioretinopathy responding to oral mifepristone: update. Retina. 2008;28:1363.
21
Chung YR, Seo EJ, Lew HM, et al. Lack of positive effect of intravitreal bevacizumab in central serous chorioretinopathy: meta-analysis and review. Eye (Lond). 2013;27:1339-1346.
22
Meyerle CB, Freund KB, Bhatnagar P, et al. Ketoconazole in the treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2007;27:943-946.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pediatric photorefractive keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia: A review
Amblyopia is one of the most important reversible eye disorders in children and different treatments are suggested. Early diagnosis and effective treatment in amblyogenic age are important criteria. These critical periods correspond to the period when the child’s developing visual system is sensitive to abnormal input caused by stimulus deprivation, strabismus or significant refractive errors. Traditional treatments such as glass wearing, contact lens used with patch therapy have limitations. Laser corneal refractive surgeries introduce an alternative for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia. Current indications for refractive surgery include anisometropia, bilateral high myopia and accommodative esotropia. Several reports confirmed that with recent development in keratorefractive surgery, it could be a safe method to be used in children. The goal of the permanent surgical treatment is to reduce refractive errors, treat amblyopia and make better the binocular function. Corneal haze is certainly a major concern in children receiving surface ablation, especially in high myopic treatments. However, controversies still exist on whether it could be done in this population or not. This article reviews the available data about refractive surgery for treating anisometropic amblyopia.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3160_533b0193080fd878219e073e8b8f786f.pdf
2014-10-01
211
217
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.008
Amblyopia
Anisometropia
Corneal refractive surgery
Somayeh
Tafaghodi Yousefi
1
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Etezad Razavi
2
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Eslampour
eslampoura@mums.ac.ir
3
Retina Research Center, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Revell MJ, Association BO. Strabismus: A History Orthoptic Techniques: Barrie & Jenkins; 1971.
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79
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The over expression of thioredoxin during malignancies
Thioredoxin system comprised of thiorexin and NADPH dependent thiorexin reductase, is responsible for redox regulation of cells by controlling the apoptosis, proliferation and other vital processes of cells. The efficacy of thioredoxin system has been represented in a wide range of physiological and biological reactions in bacteria, yeast, plants, mammals and etc. including DNA synthesis, regulation of transcription factors, protein repairing, regulating the photosynthesis and controlling the apoptosis and preventing oxidative stresses, filamentous phage assembly, immune-modulating, neuronal survival, pregnancy and birth and many other physiological and biological functions. The up-regulation of thioredoxin has been observed in various malignancies, which was associated with tumor angiogenesis and development. In this regard, the thiordoxin system has become a putative target in new chemotherapeutic methods. In this study, we mentioned various features of thioredoxin system in malignant cells and reviewed the articles which have evaluated the expression rate of thioredoxin system in malignancies.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3167_cd4d36d053a21b7c16d289259d8c4e5a.pdf
2014-10-01
218
224
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.009
Malignancy
Thioredoxin
Thioredoxin Reductase
Thioredoxin system
Shahaboddin
Shabani
1
Department of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navid
Nourizadeh
2
Department of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadsaleh
Soltankhah
3
Department of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fujii S, Nanbu Y, Konishi I, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of adult T-cell leukaemia-derived factor, a human thioredoxin homologue, in human fetal tissues. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;419:317-326.
1
Nakamura H, Nakamura K, Yodoi J. Redox regulation of cellular activation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:351-369.
2
Soderberg A, Sahaf B, Rosen A. Thioredoxin reductase, a redox-active selenoprotein, is secreted by normal and neoplastic cells: presence in human plasma. Cancer Res. 2000;60:2281-2289.
3
Arner ES, Holmgren A. The thioredoxin system in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2006;16:420-426.
4
Damdimopoulos AE, Miranda-Vizuete A, Treuter E, et al. An alternative splicing variant of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase is a modulator of estrogen signaling. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:38721-38729.
5
Rundlof AK, Janard M, Miranda-Vizuete A, et al. Evidence for intriguingly complex transcription of human thioredoxin reductase 1. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36:641-456.
6
Luthman M, Holmgren A. Rat liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: purification and characterization. Biochemistry. 1982;21:6628-6633.
7
Heppell-Parton A, Cahn A, Bench A, et al. Thioredoxin, a mediator of growth inhibition, maps to 9q31. Genomics. 1995;26:379-381.
8
Miranda-Vizuete A, Damdimopoulos AE, Pedrajas JR, et al. Human mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase cDNA cloning, expression and genomic organization. Eur J Biochem. 1999;261:405-412.
9
Nakamura H, Masutani H, Tagaya Y, et al. Expression and growth-promoting effect of adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor. A human thioredoxin homologue in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1992;69:2091-2097.
10
Nakamura H, Vaage J, Valen G, et al. Measurements of plasma glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in healthy volunteers and during open-heart surgery. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24:1176-1186.
11
Yoshida S, Katoh T, Tetsuka T, et al. Involvement of thioredoxin in rheumatoid arthritis: its costimulatory roles in the TNF-alpha-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 from cultured synovial fibroblasts. J Immunol. 1999;163:351-358.
12
Nakamura H, De Rosa S, Roederer M, et al. Elevation of plasma thioredoxin levels in HIV-infected individuals. Int Immunol. 1996;8:603-611.
13
Berggren M, Gallegos A, Gasdaska JR, et al. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in human tumors and cell lines, and the effects of serum stimulation and hypoxia. Anticancer Res. 1996;16:3459-3466.
14
Gasdaska PY, Oblong JE, Cotgreave IA, et al. The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994;1218:292-296.
15
Kawahara N, Tanaka T, Yokomizo A, et al. Enhanced coexpression of thioredoxin and high mobility group protein 1 genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and the possible association with decreased sensitivity to cisplatin. Cancer Res. 1996;56:5330-5333.
16
Grogan TM, Fenoglio-Prieser C, Zeheb R, et al. Thioredoxin, a putative oncogene product, is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma and associated with increased proliferation and increased cell survival. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:475-481.
17
Wakita H, Yodoi J, Masutani H, et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin in epithelial components of normal and pathologic human skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99:101-107.
18
Miyazaki K, Noda N, Okada S, et al. Elevated serum level of thioredoxin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Biotherapy. 1998;11:277-288.
19
Park BJ, Cha MK, Kim IH. Thioredoxin 1 as a serum marker for breast cancer and its use in combination with CEA or CA15-3 for improving the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnoses. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:7.
20
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21
Gougeon ML, Montagnier L. Apoptosis in AIDS. Science. 1993;260:1269-1270.
22
Schallreuter KU, Witkop CJ. Thioredoxin reductase activity in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: a method for identification of putative heterozygotes. J Invest Dermatol. 1988;90:372-377.
23
Gasdaska JR, Berggren M, Powis G. Cell growth stimulation by the redox protein thioredoxin occurs by a novel helper mechanism. Cell Growth Differ. 1995;6:1643-1650.
24
Chen X, Tang W, Liu S, et al. Thioredoxin-1 phosphorylated at T100 is needed for its anti-apoptotic activity in HepG2 cancer cells. Life Sci. 2010;87:254-260.
25
Welsh SJ, Bellamy WT, Briehl MM, et al. The redox protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) increases hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha protein expression: Trx-1 overexpression results in increased vascular endothelial growth factor production and enhanced tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002;62:5089-5095.
26
Ronconi L, Marzano C, Zanello P, et al. Gold(III) dithiocarbamate derivatives for the treatment of cancer: solution chemistry, DNA binding, and hemolytic properties. J Med Chem. 2006;49:1648-1657.
27
Wallenborg K, Vlachos P, Eriksson S, et al. Red wine triggers cell death and thioredoxin reductase inhibition: effects beyond resveratrol and SIRT1. Exp Cell Res. 2009;315:1360-1371.
28
Du Y, Wu Y, Cao X, et al. Inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin reductase by black tea and its constituents: implications for anticancer actions. Biochimie. 2009;91:434-444.
29
Tulp M, Bohlin L. Rediscovery of known natural compounds: nuisance or goldmine? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005;26:175-177.
30
Chew EH, Nagle AA, Zhang Y, et al. Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;48:98-111.
31
Baker AF, Dragovich T, Tate WR, et al. The antitumor thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12 (1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) decreases thioredoxin-1 and VEGF levels in cancer patient plasma. J Lab Clin Med. 2006;147:83-90.
32
Ramanathan RK, Abbruzzese J, Dragovich T, et al. A randomized phase II study of PX-12, an inhibitor of thioredoxin in patients with advanced cancer of the pancreas following progression after a gemcitabine-containing combination. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;67:503-509.
33
Myers JM, Myers CR. The effects of hexavalent chromium on thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins in human bronchial epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47:1477-1485.
34
Yoo MH, Xu XM, Carlson BA, et al. Thioredoxin reductase 1 deficiency reverses tumor phenotype and tumorigenicity of lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:13005-13008.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vitamin D and sepsis
Vitamin D receptors are located in body tissues and cells. In various physiological processes of the body the primary circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, will become the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, through many enzymatic. Although different functions of vitamin D has been identified, reducing the possibility of several chronic diseases, including common cancers, autoimmune, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases is proposed as the major role of this component. According to various experimental and clinical studies, vitamin D affects the immune system activity. In this review we study the possible effects of vitamin D on sepsis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and summarize the role of vitamin D in the immune system, with particular focus on infections and sepsis. We studied different areas related to vitamin D in the literature review including its roles sepsis and infection incidence, as well as seasonal and racial variation in sepsis. Based on evidence, vitamin D positively affects the immune system, so it might act as a therapeutic strategy. Despite several experimental studies which demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D on improved functioning of the immune system, its association with prevention or management of infections and sepsis is not revealed through clinical investigations.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3256_2251733393a5ecec38645c83daabf098.pdf
2014-10-01
225
228
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.010
Infection
Immune system
Sepsis
Vitamin D
Morteza
Hariri Ahari
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Elham
Pishbin
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D, et al. Large-scale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19:2685-2695.
1
Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1730-1737.
2
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-1930.
3
Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, et al. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Endocr Pract. 2009;15:438-449.
4
Sokol SI, Tsang P, Aggarwal V, et al. Vitamin D status and risk of cardiovascular events: lessons learned via systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:192-201.
5
Zhao G, Ford ES, Li C, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults with hypertension: the NHANES linked mortality study. J Hypertens. 2012;30:284-289.
6
Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, et al. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010;10:482-496.
7
Bartley J. Vitamin D: emerging roles in infection and immunity. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8:1359-1369.
8
Jeurissen A, Van Etten E, Overbergh L, et al. 1alpha,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the murine antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype 3 through IL-12. Eur J Immunol. 2005; 35:1841-1848.
9
Hewison M. Antibacterial effects of vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7:337-345.
10
Youssef DA, Miller CW, El-Abbassi AM, et al. Antimicrobial implications of vitamin D. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011; 3:220-229.
11
Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Lovan N, et al. Vitamin D decreases respiratory syncytial virus induction of NF-κB–linked chemokines and cytokines in airway epithelium while maintaining the antiviral state. J Immunol. 2010;184:965-974.
12
Nelson CD, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, et al. In vivo activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway in innate immune cells and mammary tissue during a bacterial infection. PloS One. 2010;5:e15469.
13
Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:384-390.
14
Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PloS One. 2010;5:e11088.
15
Laaksi I, Ruohola J-P, Mattila V, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:809-814.
16
Li-Ng M, Aloia J, Pollack S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:1396-1404.
17
Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, et al. Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:563-567.
18
Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoğlu Ö, et al. Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;63:473-477.
19
Roth D, Shah R, Black R, et al. Vitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:389-393.
20
Roth D, Jones A, Prosser C, et al. Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;63:297-299.
21
McNally J, Leis K, Matheson LA, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:981-988.
22
Manaseki-Holland S, Qader G, Isaq Masher M, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:1148-1155.
23
Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1255-1260.
24
Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1546-1554.
25
Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, et al. Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:410-415.
26
Maxwell J. Seasonal variation in vitamin D. Proc Nutr Soc. 1994;53:533-543.
27
Kimlin MG. Geographic location and vitamin D synthesis. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:453-461.
28
Kimlin MG, Olds WJ, Moore MR. Location and vitamin D synthesis: is the hypothesis validated by geophysical data? J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007;86:234-239.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficacy of zinc sulfate in reducing unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
Hyperbilirubinemia is a common disease and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been seen mainly in neonates. Severe form of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia may cause kernicterus and even death. Conventional treatment for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia consists of phototherapy and exchange transfusion that have several known disadvantages; specially exchange transfusion is associated with a significant morbidity and even mortality. These harmful effects indicate the need to develop alternative pharmacological treatment strategies for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. One of these pharmacological agents is zinc salts. Zinc has been shown to lower the bilirubin levels by inhibition of the enterohepatic cycling of unconjugated bilirubin. Oral zinc has been shown to reduce serum unconjugated bilirubin in animals, adolescents and low birth weight neonates. However, studies in healthy term neonates given oral zinc showed no reduction in hyperbilirubinemia based on daily measurement. In order to improve the accuracy, hyperbilirubinemia may be determined based on measurements every hour. More studies are needed to know the effect of zinc in neonatal jaundice.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3308_dda654f1be5e0b2ce2c094a2fbf7f20b.pdf
2014-10-01
229
232
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.011
Hyperbilirubinemia
neonate
Phototherapy
Zinc sulfate
Somayyeh
Hashemian
1
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ashraf
Mohammad zadeh
2
Neonatal Research Center, NICU, Emam reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad ,Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Ataee nakhaei
3
Neonatal Research Center, NICU, Emam reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad ,Iran
AUTHOR
Rana N, Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, et al. Efficacy of zinc in reducing hyperbilirubinemia among at-risk neonates: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2011;78:1073-1078.
1
Stoll BJ, Kliegman RM. Jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman R, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatric. 17th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004 p. 592-598.
2
Mohammadzadeh A, Farhat AS, Iranpour R. Effect of clofibrate in jaundiced term newborns. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:123-126.
3
Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC. Neonatal jaundice and liver disease. In: Kaplan M, Wong RJ, Sibley E, Stevenson DK, editors. Fanaroff and Martin’s neonatal perinatal medicine. St. Louis. Elsevier: Mosby saunders; 2011 p. 1443-1496.
4
Shapiro SM. Bilirubin toxicity in the developing nervous system. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:410-421.
5
Odell GB, Gutcher GR, Whitington PF, et al. Enteral administration of agar as an effective adjunct to phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatr Res. 1983;17:810-814.
6
Méndez-Sánchez N, Roldán-Valadez E, Flores MA, et al. Zinc salts precipitate unconjugated bilirubin in vitro and inhibit enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin in hamsters. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31:773-780.
7
Vitek L, Muchova L, Zelenka J, et al. The effect of zinc salts on serum bilirubin levels in hyperbilirubinemic rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40:135-140.
8
Méndez-Sánchez N, Martínez M, González V, et al. Zinc sulfate inhibits the enterohepatic cycling of unconjugated bilirubin in subjects with Gilbert’s syndrome. Ann Hepatol. 2002;1:40-43.
9
Dennery PA. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Semin Neonatol. 2002; 7: 111–119.
10
Patton DR, Sukadi A. Effect of oral zinc on hyperbilirubinemia in full term neonates. Paediatr Indones. 2011;51:107-110.
11
Mafinejad S, Maamouri G, Boskabadi H, et al. Efficacy of oral zinc sulfate intake on decreasing neonatal jaundice. Iran J Neonatol. 2014;4:11-16.
12
Strand TA, Chandyo RK, Bahl R, et al. Effectiveness and efficacy of zinc for the treatment of acute diarrhea in young children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:898-903.
13
Bahl R, Bhandari N, Saksena M, et al. Efficacy of zinc-fortified oral rehydration solution in 6-to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr. 2002;141:677-682.
14
Low risks of adverse effects from zinc supplementation. New diarrhea management guidelines. The zinc task force (UNICEF, UNSAID, WHO and JHSPH) [online]. 2006 [Cited 2007 June 3]. Available from: http://www.izincg.org/pdf/ZincToxicitySafety_ZTF_2006.pdf.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Melatonin effects on sleep disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. Around 25-50% of these children suffered from some kind of sleep disorder especially with chronic form of insomnia. The physicians usually have a plan for improving hyperactivity and attention deficit of this disease but unfortunately, they forget to manage the sleep disorders, which are a major part of patients’ problems.Nowadays, we know that there is a noticeable relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders and by improving these children’s sleep, not only the daily functions improve, but also the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder maybe become better. Thus, it is needed to avoid the administration of psychostimulants, which have recognized side effects. Moreover, having better sleep, we will see a better relationship between children and their parents and finally a rise in the standard of life of family members, which is a very important goal in our treatment. This review article evaluates available evidence on sleep medication in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to present an appropriate guidance for this high prevalence problem.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_3307_bb386ba634993365183594c3efdc15d1.pdf
2014-10-01
233
237
10.17463/RCM.2014.04.012
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Circadian
insomnia
Melatonin
Sleep Hygiene
Sleep regulation
Zahra
Bahremand
bahremandz891@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-SinaHospital, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Peyman
Hashemian
hashemianp@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-SinaHospital, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Moharreri
3
Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-SinaHospital, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Soltani
soltanie@mums.ac.ir
4
Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-SinaHospital, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Wu EQ, Hodgkins P, Ben-Hamadi R, et al. Cost Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapies for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CNS drugs. 2012;26:581-600.
1
Nováková M, Paclt I, Ptáçek R, et al. Salivary melatonin rhythm as a marker of the circadian system in healthy children and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28:630-637.
2
Weiss MD, Salpekar J. Sleep problems in the child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: defining aetiology and appropriate treatments. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:811-828.
3
Betancourt-Fursow de Jiménez YM1, Jiménez-León JC, Jiménez-Betancourt CS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders.Rev Neurol. 2006;42:S37-51.
4
Bendz LM, Scates AC. Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:185-191.
5
Holvoet E, Gabriëls L. Disturbed sleep in children with ADHD: Is there a place for melatonin as a treatment option? Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2012;55:349-357.
6
Molina-Carballo A, Naranjo-Gómez A, Uberos J, et al. Methylphenidate effects on blood serotonin and melatonin levels may help to synchronise biological rhythms in children with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:377-383.
7
Weiss MD, Wasdell MB, Bomben MM, et al. Sleep hygiene and melatonin treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD and initial insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:512-519.
8
Chaste P, Clement N, Botros HG, et al. Genetic variations of the melatonin pathway in patients with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders. J Pineal Res. 2011;51:394-399.
9
Barrett JR, Tracy DK, Giaroli G. To sleep or not to sleep: A systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:640-647.
10
Smits MG, Nagtegaal EE, van der Heijden J, et al. Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:86-92.
11
Van der Heijden KB, Smits MG, Van Someren EJ, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:233-241.
12
Mostafavi SA, Mohammadi MR, Hosseinzadeh P, et al. Dietary intake, growth and development of children with ADHD in a randomized clinical trial of Ritalin and Melatonin co-administration: Through circadian cycle modification or appetite enhancement? Iran J Psychiatry. 2012;7:114-119.
13
Mohammadi MR, Mostafavi SA, Keshavarz SA, et al. Melatonin effects in methylphenidate treated children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Iran J Psychiatry. 2012;7:87-92.
14
Szeinberg A, Borodkin K, Dagan Y. Melatonin treatment in adolescents with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45:809-818.
15
Cummings C; Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee. Melatonin for the management of sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2012;17:331-336.
16