Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
The role of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
133
140
EN
Farzad
khademi
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Qaem University Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
k_farzad@yahoo.com
Mohammad
Derakhshan
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Qaem University Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Ramin
Sadeghi
0000-0002-1666-5440
Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
sadeghir@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/rcm.2016.6474
<strong>Introduction:</strong> Susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection varies in individuals and is linked to genetic variations in the toll-like receptors (TLRs) genes. The current study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to describe the most prevalent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from various TLRs and to assess the association between these polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility. <br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched for all articles published before May 25, 2015, that contained the target keywords. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 37 relevant articles were identified that examined the association between the TLRs gene polymorphism and susceptibility to tuberculosis.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> A meta-analyses approach to the research determined that there is a statistically significant association between TLR1 rs4833095, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR8 rs3788935 in the allelic model and also TLR1 rs4833095, TLR1 rs5743018, TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR8 rs3761624 in the co-dominant model with increased or decreased susceptibility to tuberculosis. No associations were observed between the other TLRs polymorphisms and tuberculosis risk.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> Several studies have found that host genetic factors, such as SNPs in TLRs gene, may increase an individual’s susceptibility to tuberculosis. Therefore, the identification of these SNPs is important to investigate immune responses to TB.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present study concluded that there is an association between some polymorphisms of TLRs and tuberculosis risk. Thus, for a better understanding about the role of SNPs to TB susceptibility, additional studies on alternative TLRs SNPs are needed.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Polymorphism,Toll-Like Receptor
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6474.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6474_28bdafe81a28255a6d4a54838fb25f5f.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
The prognostic value of conventional imaging tools to determine how patients with hodgkin lymphoma will respond to treatment
141
147
EN
Kamran
Aryana
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Abolghasem
Allahyari
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Ramin
Sadeghi
0000-0002-1666-5440
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
sadeghir@mums.ac.ir
Farrokh
Silanian Tousi
Department of Radiology, Ghaem hospital, school of Medicine, Mashhhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Mohammad Mahdi
Kooshyar
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Seyed Hosein
Hashemipour
Department of Radiology, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Hamideh
Sadra
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22038/rcm.2016.6482
<strong>Introduction:</strong> This systematic review studies the prognostic value of two conventional imaging tools, sestamibi and gallium scans, for predicting how patients with Hodgkin lymphoma will respond to treatment.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The PubMed database was searched for English-language articles that contained the following search terms: (Hodgkin AND [mibi OR sestamibi OR gallium OR spect] AND response). All articles that were identified during this search were included in the study, regardless of date published. The inclusion criteria were as follows: articles that described studies that were limited to Hodgkin patients and that reported the predictive value of conventional imaging tools. Articles about other types of lymphoma and/or those that focused on the diagnostic and staging accuracy of mibi and gallium scans were excluded.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> In total, 14 articles were retrieved. Of these, the majority met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review with the exception of two, which were limited to an examination of the reliability of performing sestamibi scans to predict the response to treatment. All remaining 12 articles considered both the sestamibi scans and the gallium scintigraphy.<br />The results of the systematic review indicate that positive gallium scan results can be proposed as a poor prognostic factor that is associated with partial or full recurrence of Hodgkin disease, a reduction in overall survival rate, and progression-free survival compared with patients with a negative scan.<br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> Both sestamibi and gallium scans revealed high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the response to treatment including complete remission, partial remission, and recurrence of the disease.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong>These imaging tools can appropriately assess how Hodgkin patients will respond to chemotherapy. As such, clinicians can use these tools to devise appropriate treatment strategies.
Hodgkin lymphoma,Gallium scintigraphy,Sestamibi
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6482.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6482_0b01fc5189d4a6953e161e9886cff3e5.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
Congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae: a review on embryological etiology
148
153
EN
Mohammad
Mardani
Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
mardani@med.mui.ac.ir
Mohammad Javad
Saeedi Borujeni
Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
drjavadsaeedi694@gmail.com
Ebrahim
Esfandiary
Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
10.22038/rcm.2016.6486
Congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae is a rare anomaly. In this condition, two fused vertebrae appear structurally and functionally as one. This anomaly may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Myelopathy, limitation in neck movement, muscular atrophy and regional sensory loss are examples of probable morbidity associated with this anomaly. Combination of genetic and environmental factors are involved in pathogenesis of this anomaly. Malformation of notochord, poor performance of retinoids, decreased local blood supply of spine and alteration in genes expression, especially members of Hox and Pax family genes are some of the proposed reasons of congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae. Diagnosis of this congenital anomaly in childhood seems to have an important role in prevention of probable secondary disorders in adulthood. We offer to clinicians that after performing careful physical tests and noticing the presence of signs and symptoms that mentioned in this paper, if a patient suspected to have congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae, genetic tests ought to be performed.
Cervical vertebrae fusion,Developmental anomalies,embryology
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6486.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6486_2775c6110cfd3e02b72ac6bf2d75a8a6.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
The diagnosis and treatment of paradoxical embolism: a systematic review
154
157
EN
Atooshe
Rohani
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
rohania@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/rcm.2016.6483
One in five adults has patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is typically without symptoms. Because of the low pressure in both atria and the anatomical position of the septum secundum, there is no left-to-right shunting and little right-to-left shunting in the general condition; however, when the right atrial pressure increases, this slit-like flap separates and allows right-to-left shunting. According to the Johnson criteria, simultaneous occurrences of arterial emboli, such as those caused by cerebrovascular accident or pulmonary embolism, demonstrate the presence of paradoxical embolism through a PFO. When a patient presents with multivascular arterial embolism, the clinician should perform a contrast transthoracic echo, a transesophageal (TEE), a real-time three-dimensional TEE, and even an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in order to differentiate between PFO, flat atrial septal defect (ASD) and hybrid defects. The randomized trials that have assessed therapeutic interventions for paradoxical embolism have not produced any clear guidelines as to how best to treat this condition. The classic treatment is surgical embolectomy with exploration of the right chambers and the pulmonary arteries under full cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients with a history of ≥1 paradoxical embolism may be indicated for device PFO closure.
echocardiography,Paradoxical embolism,Patent foramen ovale
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6483.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6483_7b3037377910f7daadfc6f2a68969bba.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
Atopic dermatitis and the therapeutic methods: a literature review
158
162
EN
Jalil
Tavakol Afshari
Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
tavakolaj@mums.ac.ir
Mahdi
Yousefi
Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
yousefim@mums.ac.ir
Roshanak
Salari
Department of Traditional Persian Pharmacy, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
salarir@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/rcm.2016.6820
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease that starts in the early life and usually persists by the end of life in 20% of cases. The disease shows multiple periods of relapse, and significantly affects the patient’s quality of life. The etiology of this disease is unknown, yet recent studies have reported incidence of immunological disorders and mutation in the filaggrin gene as the major causes. In some cases, concurrent incidence of infection with these inflammatory lesions reinforces the significance of treatment. Various methods of treatment such as emollients, corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors are applied to manage this disorder. Traditional and complementary approaches may also help to control the disease. This disease is not usually easily controllable, thus requires full awareness of physicians on the underlying prospects of this disease. This review paper deals with the important aspects of the clinical perspectives and presents an integrative therapeutic approach for treating atopic dermatitis.
Atopic dermatitis,Immunological disorder,Treatment
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6820.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6820_1cc98fde0609bb9d39d37022d52356fa.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
Which technique is better for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation? External rotation or Milch method. A review of literature
163
165
EN
Niaz
Mohammad Jafari Chokan
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Hamidreza
Reihani
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Elham
Pishbin
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.22038/rcm.2016.6487
Anterior shoulder dislocation is the most common joint dislocation in human body. Many methods are traditionally described for reduction of shoulder dislocation. Most of these techniques are painful to patients and may be associated with further injury. An ideal method should be easy, effective, and less painful, not associated with iatrogenic complications and should be easy to teach and learn. Among different methods of reduction, external rotation and Milch methods are more popular. Both methods are found to be atraumatic, relatively painless and can be performed without anesthesia. In this article, we aimed to review the literatures regarding these two methods of reduction and comparing their success rate and outcome. We reviewed the literature to find articles related to reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations applying one of two techniques described above. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar. In total, 46 articles were found, of them 17 articles -which mainly focused on anterior shoulder dislocation reduction by means of two above methods-were included in this review. The results showed that both techniques were effective, safe, relatively painless, and were well tolerated with no complications, but the external rotation method was superior.
shoulder,Shoulder dislocation,Shoulder joint
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6487.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6487_1a4784872fc5974325d9bef8f243d4c5.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
Avian influenza virus and human: pandemic concern and threat?
166
170
EN
Mohammad
Derakhshan
Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Anti-microbial Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22038/rcm.2016.6489
Type A influenza viruses causes infections in human and animals, especially in birds. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A viruses. Avian type viruses are divided into two groups: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). HPAI virus is very dangerous, but LPAI virus is much weaker. Two forms of mutations including drift and shift have been recognized for antigenic changes in influenza viruses. Antigenic shift is responsible for producing re-assortment viruses with a potentiality to be transmissible to human and possibly resulting in pandemic. Emerging new species of viruses, the loss of previous immunity in human population and the transmission from human to human are the three major conditions that result in the occurrence of influenza pandemic in human. When pandemic happens, public health is a major concern due to probability of high fatality rate and other socioeconomic consequences.
Human,Influenza A virus,Pandemics
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6489.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_6489_844693c4fd7ca2fb279f027725f0c3d3.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
3
4
2016
11
01
Thyroxin-binding globulin deficiency in a boy with fragile X syndrome: a case report
171
174
EN
Raheleh
Mirsadraee
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Saba
Vakili
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mohammad Reza
Abbaszadegan
Medical Genetic Research Center, Department of Human Genetics, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Rahim
Vakili
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
vakilir@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/rcm.2016.7486
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common known genetic cause of male intellectual disability. A wide variety of medical problems has been reported in FXS syndrome including seizures, facial abnormalities, macroorchidism, and autistic disorders. Here we reported a 9-year-old boy with fragile X syndrome that was confirmed through karyotyping and mental retardation. Initially, he was diagnosed as hypothyroidism when he was 15 months old. However, due to unusual clinical presentation, we re-evaluated the patient according to his history and clinical findings. Subsequently, targeted laboratory tests were performed and the results were indicative for thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency in our patient. Therefore, levothyroxine was discontinued and one month later, laboratory tests were repeated and his diagnosis confirmed. As inherited TBG deficiency might also be X-linked, FXS and TBG deficiency may be coincidental findings in the patient.
Fragile X syndromes,Hypothyroidisms,TBG deficiency,Thyroid function test
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_7486.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_7486_c32ef9a0612e736303517b306f0e0143.pdf