Mandana Khodashahi; Zahra Havashki; Kamran Khazaeni; Amir Hossein Jafarian
Abstract
Torticollis or involuntarily twisted neck is considered to be a sign rather than a condition. Some of the main causes of torticollis are trauma, medication side-effects, infectious and inflammatory processes, and head and neck tumors.A 26-year-old female patient presented with acute acquired torticollis ...
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Torticollis or involuntarily twisted neck is considered to be a sign rather than a condition. Some of the main causes of torticollis are trauma, medication side-effects, infectious and inflammatory processes, and head and neck tumors.A 26-year-old female patient presented with acute acquired torticollis for four months, and the conditions had complicated due to constitutional symptoms, such as weight loss, sweating, and decreased appetite, eventually leading to trismus. Neck CT-scan showed bilateral lymph node enlargements, soft tissue stranding, right-sided asymmetry of the fossa of Rosenmüller (pharyngeal recess), and a heterogeneous enhancing mass on the nasopharynx roof with left extension and bilateral pressure on the Eustachian tube. The biopsy of the mass indicated the infiltration of atypical epithelial cells with marked nuclear atypia in small solid nests within the lymphoid tissue of the nasopharynx, which corresponded to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the patient had no risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study highlighted the importance of a complete work-up for the underlying tumors in the head and neck in the patients presenting with the only finding of torticollis.
Ali Asghar Rashidi; Abdolreza Norouzy; Bahare Imani; Mohsen Nematy; Mohammad Heidarzadeh; Ali Taghipour
Abstract
Several complications during childhood is associated with nutritional status of infants at birth. Therefore, nutritional status of newborns must be evaluated properly after birth. Assessment of the nutritional status of neonates based on anthropometric and physical indices is simple and inexpensive without ...
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Several complications during childhood is associated with nutritional status of infants at birth. Therefore, nutritional status of newborns must be evaluated properly after birth. Assessment of the nutritional status of neonates based on anthropometric and physical indices is simple and inexpensive without the need for advanced medical equipment. However, no previous studies have focused on the assessment methods of the nutritional status of infants via anthropometric and physical indices. This study aimed to review some of the key methods used to determine the nutritional status of neonates using anthropometric and physical indices. To date, most studies have focused on the diagnosis of fetal malnutrition (FM) and growth monitoring. In order to diagnose FM, researchers have used growth charts and Ponderal index (PI) based on anthropometric indices, as well as Clinical Assessment of Nutritional (CAN) Score based on physical features. Moreover, in order to assess the growth status of infants, growth charts were used. According to the findings of this study, standard intrauterine growth curves and the PI are common measurement tools in the diagnosis of FM. Furthermore, CAN score is widely used in the evaluation of the nutritional status of neonates. Given the differences in the physical features of term and preterm infants, this index should be adjusted for preterm neonates. Longitudinal growth charts are one of the most prominent methods used for monitoring of the growth patterns of infants.
Mohammad Reza Seyyed Taghia; Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani; Reza Boostani; Mohammad Shariati; Ariane Sadr Nabavi
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases with a considerable burden. Most of the affected individuals experience muscle weakness as the common muscular symptom. Despite the underlying genetic mechanism which is extensively studied, curative treatment is ...
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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases with a considerable burden. Most of the affected individuals experience muscle weakness as the common muscular symptom. Despite the underlying genetic mechanism which is extensively studied, curative treatment is not available for patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and only supportive care is considered as the treatment of choice. Recently, several studies addressed the treatment of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by genetic engineering strategies, most of which indicate the effectiveness of different types of small interfering ribonucleic acids. However, these studies are still in the preclinical phase and it seems that there is a long way ahead of curing facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy despite recent advances in the field of genetic engineering. This study aimed to review the underlying genetic mechanism of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy alongside providing the latest preclinical studies related to the treatment of this disease.
Brandon S Jackson; Daniel Montwedi
Abstract
Hemorrhage can result in an increased mortality and morbidity. There are a variety of options to assist the surgeon in achieving hemostasis. Modalities that result, or assist, in hemostasis were included under the term Hemostatic Modalities. Due to the variety of hemostatic modalities available, ...
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Hemorrhage can result in an increased mortality and morbidity. There are a variety of options to assist the surgeon in achieving hemostasis. Modalities that result, or assist, in hemostasis were included under the term Hemostatic Modalities. Due to the variety of hemostatic modalities available, choosing the correct modality tailored for each situation and patient can be confusing. The aim was to classify and organize the different hemostatic modalities in the armamentarium available to the surgeon. Hemostatic modalities can be classified into systemic and local modalities. Systemic hemostatic modalities include blood component therapy and anticoagulant antidotes. Local hemostatic modalities are subdivided into vasoconstrictors, electrical devices, mechanical modalities, endovascular modalities and topical hemostatic agents. Topical hemostatic agents can be further subclassified into agents that function with an intact or dysfunctional patient coagulation system, i.e. “independent of the coagulation system”, and those that only function with an intact patient coagulation system, i.e. “dependent on the coagulation system”. Classifying hemostatic modalities allows for a more informed decision and a structured approach when choosing the appropriate modality. The different classes, as well as within the classes, are by no means isolated and can be used concurrently, depending on the situation, resulting in a synergistic effect for hemostasis.
Sepideh Babaniamansour; Nooshin Najari; Ehsan Aliniagerdroudbari; Amirmohammad Babaniamansour; Saeed Pezeshki
Abstract
Introduction:One of the most common diabetes complications is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Besides conventional treatments, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is known as an adjunctive therapy for DFU. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of HBOT and possible risk factors. Methods:This study was ...
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Introduction:One of the most common diabetes complications is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Besides conventional treatments, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is known as an adjunctive therapy for DFU. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of HBOT and possible risk factors. Methods:This study was conducted in two hyperbaric clinics of Bahar and Khatam, respectively in Isfahan and Tehran, Iran, between September 2016 and September 2017. Eligible participants underwent 100% oxygen at 2 to 2.5 atmosphere absolute for 90 to 120 minutes daily (five days per week). Data were analyzed with SPSS version 24.0. Results: The recovery rate was 69% in 58 enrolled patients and had a significant direct association with good glycemic control status, before (p <0.01) and during HBOT (P < 0.01), and low-grade ulcers (P= 0.04). The mean number of HBOT sessions of the cured patients (21.5±17.1) was significantly higher than that of the not cured patients (11.3 ± 7.9) (P= 0.02). However, the recovery rate had no significant association with the type of ulcer (P= 0.1). Conclusion: HBOT had good efficacy and a high recovery rate in DFU treatment. Given the fact that good glycemic control status reduces the incidence of ulcers, this study showed that it increased the DFU recovery rate under HBOT.
Abdolreza Malek; Forough Rakhshanizadeh; Sheila Kianifar
Abstract
Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a type of vasculitis of small-to-medium sized vessels. This syndrome is known by a history of bronchial asthma with systemic necrotizing vasculitis and peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. It is currently called eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This ...
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Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a type of vasculitis of small-to-medium sized vessels. This syndrome is known by a history of bronchial asthma with systemic necrotizing vasculitis and peripheral blood hypereosinophilia. It is currently called eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This disease affects both genders and all age groups, but it is very rare among children. CSS diagnosis is based on clinical findings such as asthma, eosinophilia, rhinosinusitis, and signs of vasculitis in major organs. In cases where steroids alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents are used as treatment, the outcome and long-term survival are usually satisfying. In comparison with other types of systemic vasculitis, the mortality rate of this syndrome is low. In this study, we present the case of a 7-year-old boy with poorly controlled bronchial asthma since three years of age. This case had developed purpuric skin lesions, sinusitis, arthritis, and weakness of the limbs with symptoms of mononeuritis multiplex at the age of seven. After being admitted to our hospital, a series of studies, including complete blood count-diff, chest X-ray, paranasal sinus radiography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, nerve conduction study, spirometry, and serological tests for autoantibodies, were performed and he was diagnosed with CSS. Thereafter, he received regular corticosteroid therapy in combination with methotrexate, and his symptoms were generally well-controlled with the beginning of the treatment. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of CSS in children are also reviewed in this study.
Mohsen akhondi; Alireza Sabzevari; Shabnam Imannezhad; Ali Rahdari
Abstract
Introduction: Administration of methylene blue has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of vasopelgic shock following cardiac surgery. Major aims of this systematic review were to evaluate the effect of methylene blue on mortality rate, duration of vasoplegic syndrome, and further ...
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Introduction: Administration of methylene blue has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of vasopelgic shock following cardiac surgery. Major aims of this systematic review were to evaluate the effect of methylene blue on mortality rate, duration of vasoplegic syndrome, and further complications of patients with vasoplegic syndrome following cardiac surgery. Methods: PubMed was searched to obtain the most relevant articles. All the randomized control trials and cohort studies were included.Result: A total of 54 articles were retrieved at the initial search. After studying the titles, abstracts, and full text of the articles, only five articles consisted of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two observational studies were included.Discussion: Based on included RCTs, the mortality rate and duration of the disease decreased in patients applied methylene blue in the treatment of vasoplegic syndrome compared with those did not receive this medication.Conclusions: Bbased on included articles, application of methylene blue could be suggested as a treatment for vasoplegic syndrome, but further large multicenter RCTs are needed to certainly evaluate the efficacy of methylene blue.
Masoud Pezeshki Rad; Mina Taghavi; Jahanbakhsh Hashemi; Farzaneh Sharifipour; Abbasali Zeraati
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is responsible for 25-30% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among all causes. Renal biopsy is important to determine the GN treatment method and its prognosis. In some cases, renal biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis. Biopsies were used as a diagnostic method in different ...
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Glomerulonephritis (GN) is responsible for 25-30% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among all causes. Renal biopsy is important to determine the GN treatment method and its prognosis. In some cases, renal biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis. Biopsies were used as a diagnostic method in different disease from 1930. They were performed blindly and at bedside. Complication rate varies from 2 to 20% in different reports. Percutaneous renal biopsy is a routine diagnostic procedure in nephrology nowadays, and it should be individualized for each patient depending on their age, BMI, coagulation status and the availability of skilled radiologist. In this paper, we review image-guided renal biopsy in glomerulonephritis.
Kobra Salimiyan Rizi; Hadi Farsiani; Saeid Amel Jamehdar; Mahboubeh Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is an emerging nosocomial gram-negative, rod-shaped pathogen in patients with underlying diseases. This bacterium is also considered to be a major pathogen in hospitalized patients. Some of the main risk factors for E. meningosepticum infections include immunosuppression ...
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Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is an emerging nosocomial gram-negative, rod-shaped pathogen in patients with underlying diseases. This bacterium is also considered to be a major pathogen in hospitalized patients. Some of the main risk factors for E. meningosepticum infections include immunosuppression (e.g., end-stage hepatic and renal diseases) and prematurity in neonates. Furthermore, E. meningosepticum could cause pneumonia, endocarditis, and bacteremia in adults. The uncommon resistance pattern of this bacterium, as well as its intrinsic resistance to colistin, makes the treatment of the associated infections challenging unless the susceptibility patterns are available. In this article, we have presented the first case of pulmonary coinfection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter spp. and E. meningoseptica in Iran. A 20-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital with tetralogy of fallot as an underlying disease since childhood. The patient underwent cardiac surgery. On the third postoperative day (POD), the patient developed lung infection and left-lung collapse. Antibiotic therapy was initiated for MDR Acinetobacter spp. obtained from her primary culture of tracheal discharges. When fever persisted in the patient, the secondary culture of her tracheal discharges was observed to be positive for E. meningoseptica. In this case report, no clinical correlations were observed between the E. meningoseptica isolated from respiratory secretions and the primary respiratory infection, suggesting that E. meningoseptica is an indicator of severe underlying diseases rather than an actual pathogen.
Khadijeh Saket; Mozhdeh Khodabakhsh; Roshanak Salari
Abstract
Foods play an important role in preparing the health of body. Foods and nutrients are effective in increasing health and regulating the immune system as well as in prevention of different diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. In the past few years, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is progressively ...
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Foods play an important role in preparing the health of body. Foods and nutrients are effective in increasing health and regulating the immune system as well as in prevention of different diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. In the past few years, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is progressively increasing. Change in lifestyle and dietary pattern of the societies plays an important role in inducing cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that the risk of cardiovascular disease among people consuming more vegetables is lower. Recent findings suggest that foods rich in omega-3, vitamins, antioxidants and fibers are useful for the health of cardiovascular system and such nutrition, in addition to disease prevention, reduces the cost and side effects of chemical treatments. In this article, different clinical trials introducing beneficial dietary approaches in preventing cardiovascular diseases are reviewed.
Ahmad Shah Farhat; Gholamreza Khademi
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious and fast-growing problems in the world of today. Lead poisoning is a threatening environmental situation with the potential of causing irreversible health issues and serious negative consequences in adults and children. Lead proves to have almost no ...
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Environmental pollution is one of the most serious and fast-growing problems in the world of today. Lead poisoning is a threatening environmental situation with the potential of causing irreversible health issues and serious negative consequences in adults and children. Lead proves to have almost no clear biological function. However, once it enters the body, it is known to cause severe health effects, which might be irreversible. In this article, we aimed to review the related literature to find evidence concerning the effect of lead toxicity on CNS, particularly its role in febrile convulsion. In this review, PubMed database was searched using MeSH terms. One hundred and fifty seven articles were retrieved, most of which were irrelevant to the topic. After a thorough search in PubMed and Google Scholar, seizure was shown to be one of the consequences of lead toxicity, but there was no evidence of epilepsy or febrile convulsion, induced by this metal contamination.
kiarash ghazvini; Masoud Youssefi; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Abstract Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common bacteria in the stomach, colonizing about one-half of the population in the world, while most of them remain asymptomatic throughout their lives and gastric cancer (GC) occurs in only 1-2% of people. It seems that the final outcomes of Helicobacter ...
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Abstract Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common bacteria in the stomach, colonizing about one-half of the population in the world, while most of them remain asymptomatic throughout their lives and gastric cancer (GC) occurs in only 1-2% of people. It seems that the final outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection are dependent on bacterial virulence factors, host genetic characteristics, and the environmental conditions. In this study, we compared the expression of 20 known virulence factors associated with the development of GC in the isolated Helicobacter pylori strains from the Colombian patients belonging to the regions with low and high GC risks. Based on the results of the present study, it was found that the 20 studied virulence factors are closely related with each other and regulate their expressions through the required intermediates. We also showed that the Helicobacter pylori strains belonging to the region with high GC risk were more virulent and have developed into GC by destroying the intercellular bindings, cell skeletal dysregulation, and cell survival and proliferation stimulation, while the H. pylori strains in the region with low GC risk expressed virulence factors related to the chronic inflammation and apoptosis; adhesion factors were also different in both groups.
Fateme NematiShahri; Omid Pouresmaeil; Roghaieh Rahmani Bilandi; Alireza Mohammadzadeh; Jalal Mardaneh
Abstract
Amongst sexually transmitted infections in the world, Trichomonas vaginalis is of the most common. Most of the infections are asymptomatic. It can infect women more than men because of genital tracts condition. The mother’s birth canal and perineum are common sources of infants’ eye infection. ...
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Amongst sexually transmitted infections in the world, Trichomonas vaginalis is of the most common. Most of the infections are asymptomatic. It can infect women more than men because of genital tracts condition. The mother’s birth canal and perineum are common sources of infants’ eye infection. Some studies noted the possibility of T. vaginalis transmission through the birth canal to infants. Such an event can lead to neonatal conjunctivitis. By following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review conducted to assess the possibility of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis. Several factors can play a role in T. vaginalis transmission, such as low sanitary level, physical contact by contaminated biological fluids and infant’s opened eyes during the delivery. Through the review of different studies, it is inferred, although the probability of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis is low, but it is possible. Finally, metronidazole is an approved drug for treatment of trichomoniasis and needs to consider in neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis.
Maryam Khalesi; Farhad Heydarian; Seyed Javad Sayedi; Shima Badzai; Elahe Heidari
Abstract
Convulsion with mild gastroenteritis is an afebrile seizure associated with viral gastroenteritis in a healthy child without fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, meningitis, or encephalitis. Convulsion with mild gastroenteritis is more common in children aged 1 to 2 years. Usually, Convulsions ...
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Convulsion with mild gastroenteritis is an afebrile seizure associated with viral gastroenteritis in a healthy child without fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, meningitis, or encephalitis. Convulsion with mild gastroenteritis is more common in children aged 1 to 2 years. Usually, Convulsions are brief generalized tonic colonic type. Most convulsions occur within first 24 hours of illness onset. Rotaviral gastroenteritis is known as the most common type of gastroenteritis associated with Convulsion. Laboratory investigations are normal. Also EEG and neuroimaging are usually normal. Long term antiepileptic treatment is not necessary. It is usually a benign condition with good prognosis and no risk for developing epilepsy in future. Considering this etiology of seizure could prevent supernumerary evaluations and long-term antiepileptic treatment.
Tim Paterick
Abstract
Introduction: The pericardium may have various phenotypic manifestations in assorted disease states, such as acute pericarditis, effusive constrictive pericarditis, and constrictive pericarditis. The variety in the phenotypic expressions of pericardial inflammation requires unique clinical and physical ...
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Introduction: The pericardium may have various phenotypic manifestations in assorted disease states, such as acute pericarditis, effusive constrictive pericarditis, and constrictive pericarditis. The variety in the phenotypic expressions of pericardial inflammation requires unique clinical and physical examinations and is associated with specific imaging features. The present study aimed to review the normal pericardium and variations of the pericardial disease based on the previously described cases and discuss the clinical manifestations, etiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment methods.Case Series: A case series of three patients with various phenotypic expressions of pericardial disease have been described. The first patient presented with chest and abdominal pain for three hours. Electrocardiography (ECG) revealed inferior-lateral ST elevation, which was interpreted as an acute coronary syndrome. However, coronary arteriography revealed no obstructive coronary artery disease. Blood tests and ECG post-cardiac catheterization confirmed pericarditis. The second patient had ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus on the right side of the atrial flutter. After the procedure, the patient had cardiac tamponade and required pericardiocentesis. After two months, the patient presented with tachycardia and hypotension, as well as cardiac tamponade; therefore, pericardiocentesis was performed again. Two years after the second pericardiocentesis, the patient presented with progressive dyspnea. Perfusion imaging revealed anterior wall ischemia, and coronary arteriography revealed three-vessel coronary artery disease. During the bypass surgery, the surgeon was unable to dissect the right and circumflex coronary arteries due to the densely thickened pericardium of the patient. In addition, CT-scan revealed a fibrotic pericardium (thickness: 12 mm). The third patient received chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer, which resulted in a cancer-free state. However, breast cancer was recurrent, and the patient received treatment with biological Optivo, resulting in cancer remission. After several months, the patient presented with palpitations, dyspnea, and abdominal and leg swelling. Moreover, she had elevated troponin and ECG changes leading to cardiac catheterization with normal coronaries, which were fixed in a dense, thickened serosal pericardium. Subsequent echocardiography revealed evident signs of constrictive pericarditis, and cardiac MRI showed a densely thickened pericardium with diffuse late gadolinium enhancement.Conclusion: The Phenotypic expressions of pericardial disease are enigmatic and challenging diagnostically. Various forms of pericardial disease may mimic acute coronary syndrome and acute/chronic heart failure. Since each phenotypic presentation of the disease is unique, a rational, linear approach is considered essential to the accurate diagnosis.
Mehran Beiraghi Toosi; Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
Abstract
A seizure is defined as a paroxysmal and transient occurrence of signs or symptoms resulting from abnormal synchronous or excessive neuronal activity in the brain. About 15 to 40 percent of children who have any type of seizure are resistant to standard anti-seizure drugs, so called intractable epilepsy. ...
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A seizure is defined as a paroxysmal and transient occurrence of signs or symptoms resulting from abnormal synchronous or excessive neuronal activity in the brain. About 15 to 40 percent of children who have any type of seizure are resistant to standard anti-seizure drugs, so called intractable epilepsy. Before documenting the seizure attacks as refractory, the selected drugs using for the type of seizure and dose of them should be checked. There are several factors that predict development of refractory seizures. These include age <1 year, multiple seizures before starting the treatment, myoclonic seizures, neurologic defects, neonatal and daily seizures, male gender, and first abnormal electroencephalogram and brain imaging (including computerized tomography scan and / or MRI). Options for the management of refractory epilepsy, after prescribing routine anti-seizure drugs are: Second line drugs (IVIG treatment, Ketogenic diet, Prednisolone treatment or Herbal treatment), Surgery and Stem cell therapy. Because none of these methods can stop all the drug-resistant epilepsies, researches are going on.
Yalda Ravanshad; Abbasali Zeraati; Mohadese Golsorkhi; Sahar Ravanshad; Anoush Azarfar; Hanieh Jafari
Abstract
Introduction: To date, several randomized trials have compared calcineurin inhibitors, especially tacrolimus, with cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, proposing conflicting results. Use of immunosuppressive therapy for the treatment of resistant nephrotic syndrome ...
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Introduction: To date, several randomized trials have compared calcineurin inhibitors, especially tacrolimus, with cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, proposing conflicting results. Use of immunosuppressive therapy for the treatment of resistant nephrotic syndrome remains a matter of debate, and the evidence on its efficacy and safety is inconclusive.The present study aimed to compare the benefits and limitations of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in the treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted via searching for the relevant trials performed until January 2018 in electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. In total, 285 potentially relevant articles were identified, and four articles were selected for the review. A random effects model was used to analyze data, and the heterogeneity of the articles was assessed using Chi-square-based Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics, and heterogeneity was considered statistically significant with I2>50%. The outcomes were presented as relative risk with 95% confidence interval, and P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In addition, meta-analysis was used for further data analysis. Result: Four eligible randomized controlled trials were evaluated in this systematic review. In terms of partial and complete remission, no significant differences were observed between tacrolimus and cyclosporine. However, lack of response to therapy was significantly lower with tacrolimus (RR=0.289; P=0.02) compared to cyclosporine. No significant differences were observed between the drugs in terms of the infection rate, hypertension, ALT/AST elevation, and gastrointestinal symptoms, while nephrotoxicity (RR=0.395; P=0.004) and hypertrichosis (RR=0.018; P<0.001) were significantly lower with tacrolimus. Conclusions: In conclusion, Tacrolimus is superior to Cyclosporine in treating in patients with steroid resistance nephrotic syndrome in terms of no response to therapy, nephrotoxicity and hypertrichosis
Mohsen karbalaei; Kiarash Ghazvini; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The disease is among the most important infectious diseases, which has dedicated most cases of morbidity and mortality to itself worldwide. The global report of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 ...
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Tuberculosis (TB) infection is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The disease is among the most important infectious diseases, which has dedicated most cases of morbidity and mortality to itself worldwide. The global report of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 shows that from 10.7 million infected people in 2018, 1.6 million died. Although the BCG vaccine has been used for about a hundred years, it is only effective in children, but is not able to produce a protective and reliable immunity against adult pulmonary TB. Hence, using an alternative vaccine with high more efficacy than BCG seems to be urgent. The IL-33/ST2 axis forms of IL-33 and ST2, and both of them are the members of IL-1 family. IL-33 is secreted as an alarm in response to cell damages and cellular stress, and ST2 causes stimulation of MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is needed for the proper response of infected cells to Mtb and other intracellular pathogens. In Th2 cells, NF-κB enters into the nucleus, and acts as a transcription factor. Finally, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 are produced which are effective in the prevention of tissue damage. Based on various information, it is recommended that IL-33 can be as a novel therapeutic candidate in post-exposure cases of TB disease.
Mohammad Imani; Mohammad Javad Yazdanpanah; Hoda Azizi; Touba Ahmadzadeh Sani; Mahnaz Banihashemi; Hamid Reza Bahrami-Taghanaki; Mohammad Khajedaluee
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory and proliferative disease. Psoriasis clinical features vary from plaque-type psoriasis to pustular form. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, which affects epidermal keratinocytes. Regard to serious side effects of chemical therapy in psoriasis patients, various projects ...
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Psoriasis is an inflammatory and proliferative disease. Psoriasis clinical features vary from plaque-type psoriasis to pustular form. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease, which affects epidermal keratinocytes. Regard to serious side effects of chemical therapy in psoriasis patients, various projects were performed all around the world to find new therapeutic approaches for psoriasis. Various studies confirmed that Indigo naturalis treatment induced long-term remission in patients with psoriasis in all ages.
Fatemeh Homaei Shandiz; Zahra Hadizadeh Talasaz
Abstract
Air pollution consists of chemicals resulting from many human activities and natural resources, which can cause gene mutations. Almost, it is proven that air pollution contributes to lung cancer and its relationship with other cancers including bladder, cervical cancer, ovary, prostate, brain and breast ...
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Air pollution consists of chemicals resulting from many human activities and natural resources, which can cause gene mutations. Almost, it is proven that air pollution contributes to lung cancer and its relationship with other cancers including bladder, cervical cancer, ovary, prostate, brain and breast cancer is suspected. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and the prominent cause of death among them all around the world. Poor prediction of risk factor leads to discovery of more reliable factors. Mammary tumors in animals that are generated by chemicals compounds, give possible mechanisms for effects of environmental pollutants. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to review the available literature for investigating the relation of ambient air pollution and breast cancer. Findings of our study highlight the possibility of increasing in occurrence of breast cancer, developing to invasive cancer and mortality in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women exposed to air pollution.
Atena Shiva; Shahin Arab
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide problem that is caused by a variety of different factors increasing over a number of years. Oral cancer is a very prevalent disease and one of the most 10 common causes of death. It is important that the risk factors can be controlled. Selecting the correct health behaviors and ...
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Cancer is a worldwide problem that is caused by a variety of different factors increasing over a number of years. Oral cancer is a very prevalent disease and one of the most 10 common causes of death. It is important that the risk factors can be controlled. Selecting the correct health behaviors and preventing exposure to convinced environmental risk factors can help to prevent the expansion of cancer. Scientists guess that as many as 30-40 percent of all cancer-related deaths are caused by human behaviors such as smoking, consumption of alcohol, poor diet quality and physical inactivity. This result explains the tendency in the following behaviors that can influence the possibility of getting cancer, especially oral cancer in addition to providing information and classes about healthy eating habits and a subsequent healthy lifestyle at home. In fact, a diet rich in fresh fruits, whole grains and vegetables can decrease the risk of the oral cancer because of certain compounds such as vitamin C, E, carotenoids and lycopene. Moreover, limit consumption of meat, particularly processed meat, and replace it with vegetable proteins and fish (rich of omega 3) are helpful and effective.
Hamid Reza Kianifar; Yalda Rezaei; Ali Khakshour; Hassan Karami; Maryam Khalesi; Seyed Ali Jafari; Mohammad Ali kiani; Veda Vakili; Seyed Ali Alamdaran
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) is an important aspect of cystic fibrosis (CF), which manifests with various signs and symptoms. Lack of specific examinations for CFLD have made the diagnostic process of the disease time-consuming, and the disease is often identified after severe progress. ...
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Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease (CFLD) is an important aspect of cystic fibrosis (CF), which manifests with various signs and symptoms. Lack of specific examinations for CFLD have made the diagnostic process of the disease time-consuming, and the disease is often identified after severe progress. Finding the associations between the outcomes of various clinical, biochemical, and sonography examinations could help specialists identify the disease in a timely manner. This review study aimed to determine the correlations between the outcomes of various diagnostic approaches based on the current literature. According to the literature, some studies have reported correlations between various diagnostic approaches, while other studies have reported no associations in this regard. This discrepancy could be due to the various manifestations associated with CF.
Alireza zali; AmirSaied seddighi; Amir Nikouei; Afsoun Seddighi
Abstract
Abnormal hyperexcitable electrical discharges of the cerebral cortex lead to the disturbance between the inhibitory and excitatory balance of the neural network. Seizure is caused by four main mechanisms, including metabolic, structural, inflammatory, and infectious mechanisms. Seizures are classified ...
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Abnormal hyperexcitable electrical discharges of the cerebral cortex lead to the disturbance between the inhibitory and excitatory balance of the neural network. Seizure is caused by four main mechanisms, including metabolic, structural, inflammatory, and infectious mechanisms. Seizures are classified as partial and generalized based on the isolation in a specific area in one brain hemisphere or passing through the nerve fibers and spreading to the other hemisphere as well. Epilepsy is defined as the occurrence of more than two unprovoked and unpredicted repeated seizures. Epilepsy affects more than three million individuals in the United States and approximately 50 million individuals worldwide. Epilepsy may be of an unknown origin, while it could also be associated with certain syndromes. General and specific approaches to seizure treatment encompass a wide range of factors. The general approach should be focused on reassurance and raising the awareness of the patients and their family, and the specific treatment is focused on utilizing pharmacological and surgical approaches. In general, the surgical approaches used for medication-refractory seizures are both palliative and curative, showing promising results if the epileptogenic area is localized using a multidisciplinary approach via live video-electroencephalography monitoring or direct intracranial electrode placement. In addition, the utilization of live modern imaging modalities coupled with surgical approaches could enhance the success rate of the treatment and increase the seizure-free duration.
Mehdi Hassanzade Daloee; Mina AkbariRad; Sahar Rajabzadeh karizi; Mehrdad Sarabi
Abstract
Burnout among physicians is a potential warning to the health system and one of the prime occupational hazards of recent years. Burnout is characterized by emotional, mental, and physical fatigue. Numerous studies have shown that burnout has a high prevalence among physicians, such that about one-third ...
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Burnout among physicians is a potential warning to the health system and one of the prime occupational hazards of recent years. Burnout is characterized by emotional, mental, and physical fatigue. Numerous studies have shown that burnout has a high prevalence among physicians, such that about one-third of them are affected at some point in their career. A recent study from the United States reported that 45.8% of physicians present at least one symptom of burnout. Statistics indicating one suicide per day among physicians show the urgency of the matter and the need for improvement. It has been reported that this syndrome may even start from the beginning of medical studies such that medical students and r=is review article, we describe the main cause and consequences of physician burnout. To investigate the issue, the two keywords of “burnout” and “physician” were searched in PubMed, Medline, Sciences Direct, and Google Scholar. We did a comprehensive literature review to extract any recent related content about the cause and consequences of physician burnout. Drawing from the studied literature, it is concluded that to address the issue, first, the elements of physicians’ wellness and satisfaction should precisely be determined, then necessary interventions should be adopted to improve the situation.
Elaheh Heidari; Maryam Emadzadeh; Ezzat Khodashenas; Farideh Najm Sarvari; Hamid Ahanchian; Amin Heidari; Mahdi Mottaghi
Abstract
Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infection during the first year of life. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis in children aged less than two years during their first hospitalization.Methods: ...
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Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infection during the first year of life. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis in children aged less than two years during their first hospitalization.Methods: This systematic review was conducted via searching in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until August 2019. Randomized clinical trials regarding the effects of systemic corticosteroids on children with bronchiolitis aged less than two years were evaluated in the retrieved studies. The quality of the studies was assessed based on the Jadad scale. Result: Three studies were included in this systematic review. In two studies, dexamethasone versus placebo were used, and in one study, prednisolone was applied. In one study, use of dexamethasone versus placebo resulted in the faster resolution of respiratory distress, shorter duration of respiratory distress syndrome, reduced oxygen therapy time, and reduced length of hospital stay. In another study, children receiving treatment with dexamethasone had no significant difference in the clinical score, respiratory rate, and pulmonary function compared to the control group. In another study, use of prednisolone within two weeks led to the partial improvement of rhinitis, wheezing, breathing problems, nocturnal respiratory symptoms, and coughing. However, no significant difference was observed between the prednisolone treatment and control groups after 12 months.Conclusion: Despite the improvements in respiratory symptoms, evidence is scarce regarding the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis in children aged less than two years. Therefore, well-designed randomized clinical trials on large sample sizes are required in this regard.