ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Autophagy as one of the most important strategies for the treatment of tuberculosis; Mini-review
Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several treatments with different applications. For instance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery or their combination are common treatment modalities for cancer. However, a complete cure for cancer has not been achieved yet. On the other hand, novel drugs for cancer treatment are not efficient due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, natural compounds have been reported to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural compounds that could be used as dietary supplements in cancer patients. PUFAs are classified into two main categories, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. According to the literature, n-3 PUFAs exert protective effects against cancer through the induction of apoptotic pathways and suppressing cell proliferation, while n-6 PUFAs cause tumor formation by inducing cell growth and proliferation. Using PUFAs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents is considered to be an effective approach to the treatment of cancer patients through increasing cancer cell death. This review aimed to discuss the interactive effects of the structure and function of PUFAs on cancer and cell processes through various signaling pathways.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_14176_72a2718f491870e6dca138f1e04c585f.pdf
2019-11-09
135
139
10.22038/rcm.2019.14176
Autophagy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Treatment
Tuberculosis
Masoud
Youssefi
youssefim@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Majid
Eslami
m.eslami@semums.ac.ir
2
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Karbalaei
karbalaeizm931@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Keikha
masoud.keykha90@gmail.com
4
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kiarash
Ghazvini
ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir
5
Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
World Health Organization. (2018). Global tuberculosis report 2018. World Health Organization.
1
Eslami M, Shafiei M, Ghasemian A, et al. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:12415-12421.
2
Shafiei M, Ghasemian A, Eslami M, et al. Risk factors and control strategies for silicotuberculosis as an occupational disease. New Microbes New Infect. 2018;27:75-77.
3
Keikha M, Esfahani BN. The relationship between tuberculosis and lung cancer. Adv Biomed Res. 2018;7:58
4
Khademi F, Derakhshan M, Yousefi-Avarvand A, et al. Multi-stage subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an alternative to the BCG vaccine or a BCG-prime boost? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17:31-44
5
Karbalaei Zadeh Babaki M, Soleimanpour S, Rezaee SA. Antigen 85 complex as a powerful Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunogene: biology, immune-pathogenicity, applications in diagnosis, and vaccine design. Microb Pathog. 2017;112:20-29.
6
Keikha M. The necessity of conducting studies for mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc. 2018;67:479.
7
Smith I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:463-496.
8
Campbell GR, Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002689
9
Fratti RA, Chua J, Vergne I, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycosylated phosphatidylinositol causes phagosome maturation arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:5437-5442.
10
Levine B, Klionsky DJ. Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy. Dev Cell. 2004;6:463-477.
11
Eskelinen EL, Saftig P. Autophagy: a lysosomal degradation pathway with a central role in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793:664-673.
12
Eslami M, Yousefi B, Kokhaei P, et al. Current information on the association of Helicobacter pylori with autophagy and gastric cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2019.
13
Castillo EF, Dekonenko A, Arko-Mensah J, et al. Autophagy protects against active tuberculosis by suppressing bacterial burden and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:E3168-3176.
14
Deretic V. Autophagy in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4:a018481.
15
Watson RO, Manzanillo PS, Cox JS. tuberculosis DNA targets bacteria for autophagy by activating the host DNA-sensing pathway. Cell. 2012;150:803-815.
16
Keikha M, Karbalaei M. Antithetical Effects of MicroRNA Molecules in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Adv Biomed Res. 2019;8:3.
17
Zheng YT, Shahnazari S, Brech A, et al. The adaptor protein p62/SQSTM1 targets invading bacteria to the autophagy pathway. J Immunol. 2009;183:5909-5916.
18
Hawn TR, Matheson AI, Maley SN, et al. Host-directed therapeutics for tuberculosis: can we harness the host?. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2013;77:608-627.
19
Gutierrez MG, Master SS, Singh SB, et al. Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages. Cell. 2004;119:753-766.
20
Songane M, Kleinnijenhuis J, Netea MG, et al. The role of autophagy in host defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2012;92:388-396.
21
Seto S, Tsujimura K, Horii T, et al. Autophagy adaptor protein p62/SQSTM1 and autophagy-related gene Atg5 mediate autophagosome formation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in dendritic cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e86017.
22
Williams A, Sarkar S, Cuddon P, et al. Novel targets for Huntington’s disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway. Nat Chem Biol. 2008;4:295-305.
23
Aldea M, Craciun L, Tomuleasa C, et al. Repositioning metformin in cancer: genetics, drug targets, and new ways of delivery. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:5101-5110.
24
Ponpuak M, Davis AS, Roberts EA, et al. Delivery of cytosolic components by autophagic adaptor protein p62 endows autophagosomes with unique antimicrobial properties. Immunity. 2010;32:329-341
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
B cell-mediated Immunity against Tuberculosis Infection: A Mini Review Study
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a major public health concern and a successful intracellular pathogen associated with high mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) and tubercular meningitis in children. However, BCG is not adequately effective in the treatment of the adults affected to TB. According to the literature, there are controversial data on the potential role of B cells. B cells and humoral immune response play a key role in the amplification of the host immune response against TB. This review study aimed to discuss B cells and humoral immune responses in TB infection and assess its application as a therapeutic option. The monitoring of various B cell phenotypes in TB could be a reliable marker for the prediction of TB in individuals, especially in the latent form. According to the findings, the CMI response (especially Th1 activities) is not sufficient for efficient protection against TB, and B cells and Abs influence the innate immunocytes and Th1, while playing a pivotal role in various outcomes of exposure with tubercle bacilli. Although B cells may contribute to Mtb in the development of active TB, further investigations are required regarding the effects of B cells and humoral immunity on TB pathogenesis and the targeted harmful humoral-mediated response. Moreover, B cells and antibodies could be proper biomarkers to promote the studies regarding the detection of reliable diagnostic tools for the reactivation of latent TB, as well as use as a new generation of therapeutic options.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_14794_3329a58981c55ee4ed834f33b0494602.pdf
2020-02-05
140
145
10.22038/rcm.2020.43872.1293
Antibodies
B Cells
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Mohsen
Karbalaei
mohsen.karbalaei@jmu.ac.ir
1
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
AUTHOR
Saman
Soleimanpour
soleimanpours@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Majid
Eslami
majid.bac@gmail.com
3
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Bahman
Yousefi
yousefi@gmail.com
4
Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
AUTHOR
Masoud
Keikha
masoud.keykha90@gmail.com
5
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Keikha M, Esfahani BN. The relationship between tuberculosis and lung cancer. Adv Biomed Res. 2018;7:58.
1
Eslami M. Comparison of culture and PCR methods for the detection of John’s disease in milk samples. J Anim Vet Advances.2011;10:614-618.
2
Youssefi M, Eslami M, Karbalaei M, et al. Autophagy as one of the most important strategies for the treatment of tuberculosis; Mini-review. Rev Clin Med. 2019;6:135-139.
3
Soleimanpour S, Farsiani H, Mosavat A, et al. APC targeting enhances immunogenicity of a novel multistage Fc-fusion tuberculosis vaccine in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;99:10467-10480
4
Magis-Escurra C, Günther G Lange C, et al. Treatment outcomes of MDR-TB and HIV co-infection in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2017;49.
5
World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing: WHO report 2008. World Health Organization; 2008.
6
Eslami M, Shafiei M, Ghasemian A, et al. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:12415-12421.
7
Shafiei M, Ghasemian A2, Eslami M, et al. Risk factors and control strategies for silicotuberculosis as an occupational disease. New Microbes New Infect. 2018;27:75-77.
8
Keikha M, Shabani M, Navid S, et al. What is the role of” T reg Cells” in tuberculosis pathogenesis? Indian J Tuberc. 2018;65:360-362.
9
Getahun H, Matteelli A, Chaisson RE, et al. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2127-2135.
10
Keikha M, Soleimanpour S, Eslami M, et al. The mystery of tuberculosis pathogenesis from the perspective of T regulatory cells. Meta Gene. 2019:100632.
11
Pieters J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the macrophage: maintaining a balance. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3:399-407.
12
Achkar JM, Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:250-262.
13
Achkar JM, Chan J, Casadevall A. B cells and antibodies in the defense against M ycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunol Rev. 2015;264:167-181.
14
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Peng J. B cells help CD8+ T-cell responses. Blood. 2016; 127: 667-669.
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Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M, et al. False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:1192-1204.
18
van Rensburg IC, Loxton AG. Killer (FASL regulatory) B cells are present during latent TB and are induced by BCG stimulation in participants with and without latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2018;108:114-117.
19
Walzl G, Ronacher K, Hanekom W, et al. Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:343-354.
20
Andersen P, Kaufmann SH. Novel vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4 .
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Lykouras D, Sampsonas F, Kaparianos A, et al. Human genes in TB infection: their role in immune response. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2008;69:24-31.
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Orme IM, Robinson RT, Cooper AM. The balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses in the TB-infected lung. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:57-63..
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Gupta N, Kumar R, Agrawal B. New players in immunity to tuberculosis: The host microbiome, lung epithelium and innate immune cells. Front Immunol. 2018;9:709.
24
Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Kipnis A, Jamieson A, , et al. NK cells respond to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but play a minimal role in protection. J Immunol. 2003;171:6039-6045.
25
Millman AC, Salman M, Dayaram YK, et al. Natural killer cells, glutathione, cytokines, and innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2008;28:153-165.
26
Voskoboinik I, Dunstone MA, Baran K, et al. Perforin: structure, function, and role in human immunopathology. Immunol Rev. 2010;235:35-54.
27
Prezzemolo T, Guggino G, La Manna MP, et al. Functional signatures of human CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2014;5:180.
28
Ordway D, Henao-Tamayo M, Harton M, et al. The hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain HN878 induces a potent TH1 response followed by rapid down-regulation. J Immunol. 2007;179:522-531..
29
Kozakiewicz L, Phuah J, Flynn J, et al. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;783:225-250.
30
Cronan MR, Beerman RW, Rosenberg AF, et al. Macrophage epithelial reprogramming underlies mycobacterial granuloma formation and promotes infection. Immunity. 2016;45:861-876.
31
Duque-Correa MA, Kühl AA, Rodriguez PC, et al. Macrophage arginase-1 controls bacterial growth and pathology in hypoxic tuberculosis granulomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:E4024-4032.
32
Keikha M, Karbalaei M. Antithetical Effects of MicroRNA Molecules in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Adv Biomed Res. 2019;8:3.
33
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34
Maglione PJ, Chan J. How B cells shape the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39: 676–686.
35
Land J, Abdulahad WH, Sanders J-SF, et al. Regulatory and effector B cell cytokine production in patients with relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Arthritis Research & Therapy (2016) 18:84.
36
Duddy ME, Alter A, Bar-Or A. Distinct profiles of human B cell effector cytokines: a role in immune regulation? J Immunol. 2004;172:3422-3427.
37
Lund FE, Randall TD. Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:236-247.
38
Chuang T-H, Ulevitch RJ. Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1518:157-161.
39
Chan J, Mehta S, Bharrhan S, et al., editors. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Semin Immunol. 2014;26:588-600
40
Bénard A, Sakwa I, Schierloh P, et al. B cells producing type I IFN modulate macrophage polarization in tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:801-813.
41
Phuah J, Wong EA, Gideon HP, et al. The Effects of B cell Depletion on early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Cynomolgus Macaques. Infect Immun. 2016;84:1301-1311.
42
Costello AdL, Kumar A, Narayan V, et al. Does antibody to mycobacterial antigens, including lipoarabinomannan, limit dissemination in childhood tuberculosis? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:686-692.
43
Fletcher HA, Snowden MA, Landry B, et al. T-cell activation is an immune correlate of risk in BCG vaccinated infants. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11290
44
Babaki MKZ, Taghiabadi M, Soleimanpour S, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85b: hfcγ1 recombinant fusion protein as a selective receptor-dependent delivery system for antigen presentation. Microb Pathog. 2019;129:68-73.
45
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46
Karbalaei Zadeh Babaki M, Soleimanpour S2, Rezaee SA. Antigen 85 complex as a powerful Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunogene: biology, immune-pathogenicity, applications in diagnosis, and vaccine design. Microb Pathog. 2017;112:20-29.
47
van Rensburg IC, Kleynhans L, Keyser A, et al. B‐cells with a FasL expressing regulatory phenotype are induced following successful anti‐tuberculosis treatment. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2016;5:57-67.
48
du Plessis WJ, Keyser A2, Walzl G, et al. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral B cell populations during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. J Inflamm (Lond). 2016;13:23.
49
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50
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51
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52
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54
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55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Clinical and pathogenesis overview of Enterobacter infections
Enterobacter spp. is a gram-negative environmental bacterium, which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and is found in water, sewage, soil, and plants. These bacteria are common among humans and animals, and the most frequently isolated species is Enterobacter cloacae. The species of this genus are often opportunistic pathogens with expanding significance in nosocomial infections, particularly in neonates, immunocompromised patients in intensive care units, emergency sections, skin and soft tissue infection wards, and urology wards. With the unexpected and rapid increase in antibiotic resistance in various bacterial species, there has been a new alarm for the health of the human community. Enterobacter species cause pneumonitis, bacteremia, post-neurosurgical meningitis, neonatal meningitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections. Some of the main risk factors for the occurrence and dissemination of Enterobacter spp. infections are poor hand hygiene, crowding, low birth weight, premature birth, intubation of patients, prolonged hospital stay, contaminated infant formula, intravenous feeding, use of extended-spectrum antibiotics and use of intravenous catheters.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_14934_0df765aa9d8938cc42ddde9953cef91d.pdf
2020-02-16
146
154
10.22038/rcm.2020.44468.1296
Antibiotic resistance
Cronobacter
Enterobacter species
Neonatal infections
Nosocomial infections
Pantoea
Kobra
Salimiyan rizi
salimiank951@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Kiarash
Ghazvini
ghazvink@mums.ac.ir
2
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hadi
Farsiani
farsianih@mums.ac.ir
3
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Francine Grimont, Patrick A. D. Grimont. . The genus enterobacter. The Prokaryotes pp 197-214.
1
Chavda KD, Chen L1, Fouts DE, et al. Comprehensive genome analysis of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp.: new insights into phylogeny, population structure, and resistance mechanisms. mBio. 2016;7. pii: e02093-16.
2
Pati NB, Doijad SP, Schultze T, et al. Enterobacter bugandensis: a novel enterobacterial species associated with severe clinical infection. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5392.
3
[Chart, H. Klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and other enterobacteria: Pneumonia; urinary tract infection; opportunist infection. Medical Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone, 2012. 290-297.
4
William Barnaby Whitman; Bergey’s Manual Trust, Bergey’s manual of systematics of archaea and bacteria. [Hoboken, New Jersey] : Wiley, [2015] ©2015.
5
Dos Santos G, Solidonio E, Costa M, et al. Study of the Enterobacteriaceae group CESP (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Providencia, Morganella and Hafnia): a review. The Battle Against Microbial Pathogens: Basic Science, Technological Advances and Educational Programs. 2015;2:794-805.
6
Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1-12.
7
Rice LB. Progress and challenges in implementing the research on ESKAPE pathogens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:7-10.
8
McMullan R, Menon V, Beukers AG, et al. Cronobacter sakazakii infection from expressed breast milk, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:393-394.
9
Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S. Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 2012;7:887-902.
10
Patel KK, Patel S. Enterobacter spp. An emerging nosocomial infection. International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2: 532-538.
11
Stumpf AN, Roggenkamp A, Hoffmann H. Specificity of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction for the detection of clonality within the Enterobacter cloacae complex. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;53:9-16.
12
Akbari M, Bakhshi B, Peerayeh SN. Particular distribution of Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from urinary tract infection within clonal complexes. Iran Biomed J. 2016;20:49-55.
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14
Hoffmann H, Stindl S, Ludwig W, et al. Reassignment of Enterobacter dissolvens to Enterobacter cloacae as E. cloacae subspecies dissolvens comb. nov. and emended description of Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter kobei. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2005;28:196-205.
15
Hoffmann H, Stindl S, Ludwig W, et al. Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae subsp. nov., E. hormaechei subsp. hormaechei comb. nov., and E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii subsp. nov., three new subspecies of clinical importance. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:3297-303.
16
Pavlovic M, Konrad R, Iwobi AN, et al. A dual approach employing MALDI-TOF MS and real-time PCR for fast species identification within the Enterobacter cloacae complex. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2012;328:46-53.
17
Krzymińska S, Mokracka J, Koczura R, et al. Cytotoxic activity of Enterobacter cloacae human isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56:248-252.
18
Dalben M, Varkulja G, Basso M, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal unit and review of the literature. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:7-14.
19
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20
Kim S-M, Lee H-W, Choi Y-W, et al. Involvement of curli fimbriae in the biofilm formation of Enterobacter cloacae. J Microbiol. 2012;50:175-178.
21
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27
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28
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29
Robin F, Beyrouthy R, Bonacorsi S, et al. Inventory of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in France as assessed by a multicenter study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61. pii: e01911-16.
30
Lee C-C, Lee N-Y, Yan J-J, Lee H-C, Chen P-L, Chang C-M, et al. Bacteremia due to extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae: role of carbapenem therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3551-3556.
31
Manzur A, Tubau F, Pujol M, et al. Nosocomial outbreak due to extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:2365-2369.
32
Willemsen I, Oome S, Verhulst C, et al. Trends in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae and ESBL genes in a Dutch teaching hospital, measured in 5 yearly point prevalence surveys (2010-2014). PLoS One. 2015;10:e0141765 .
33
Iabadene H, Messai Y, Ammari H, et al. Dissemination of ESBL and Qnr determinants in Enterobacter cloacae in Algeria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:133-136.
34
Bell J. SENTRY Asia-Pacific Participants: Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in the Asia-Pacific Region: results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:3989-3993.
35
Chapuis A, Amoureux L, Bador J, et al. Outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacter cloacae with high MICs of quaternary ammonium compounds in a hematology ward associated with contaminated sinks. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1070.
36
Khalaf NG, Eletreby MM, Hanson ND. Characterization of CTX-M ESBLs in Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Cairo, Egypt. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:84.
37
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91
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Therapeutic effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Aspergillosis development
Aspergillosis is a common fungal infection with systemic characteristics, which is caused by various species of Aspergillus. The infection could develop in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients under specific circumstances. Based on the clinical features and type of invasion, aspergillosis could be classified into four main categories, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), noninvasive aspergilloma, semi-invasive chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), increases the infection rate with aspergillosis. RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by several chronic symptoms in the joints, including pain, stiffness, and chronic synovitis. Previous studies have denoted an association between RA and aspergillosis. Inhibitory drugs of tumor necrosis factors and steroids are widely used in the treatment of RA. ABPA and IPA are the most commonly diagnosed diseases in patients with RA. The present study aimed to review the effects of RA and its treatment on the development of aspergillosis.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_15121_2838ee381264db9cf0abaa51852a3c8a.pdf
2020-03-03
155
164
10.22038/rcm.2020.45709.1302
Aspergilloma
Aspergillosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
TNF Inhibitors
Ali
AL-Janabi
aljanabi_bio@yahoo.com
1
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Karbala, Karbala,Iraq.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Birch JT Jr, Bhattacharya S. Emerging trends in diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Prim Care. 2010;37:779-792.
1
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Doran MF. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: A population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2287-2293.
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10
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12
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69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Systemic Corticosteroids for Bronchiolitis in Children Aged Less than Two Years: A Systematic Review
Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infection during the first year of life. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis in children aged less than two years during their first hospitalization.Methods: This systematic review was conducted via searching in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until August 2019. Randomized clinical trials regarding the effects of systemic corticosteroids on children with bronchiolitis aged less than two years were evaluated in the retrieved studies. The quality of the studies was assessed based on the Jadad scale. Result: Three studies were included in this systematic review. In two studies, dexamethasone versus placebo were used, and in one study, prednisolone was applied. In one study, use of dexamethasone versus placebo resulted in the faster resolution of respiratory distress, shorter duration of respiratory distress syndrome, reduced oxygen therapy time, and reduced length of hospital stay. In another study, children receiving treatment with dexamethasone had no significant difference in the clinical score, respiratory rate, and pulmonary function compared to the control group. In another study, use of prednisolone within two weeks led to the partial improvement of rhinitis, wheezing, breathing problems, nocturnal respiratory symptoms, and coughing. However, no significant difference was observed between the prednisolone treatment and control groups after 12 months.Conclusion: Despite the improvements in respiratory symptoms, evidence is scarce regarding the effectiveness of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis in children aged less than two years. Therefore, well-designed randomized clinical trials on large sample sizes are required in this regard.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_15122_3307975f628c6cc1cd03dfe68d456a48.pdf
2020-03-03
165
169
10.22038/rcm.2019.43744.1291
Bronchiolitis
Child
Corticosteroid
Elaheh
Heidari
heidarie@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Maryam
Emadzadeh
maryamemadzadeh@yahoo.com
2
Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ezzat
Khodashenas
khodashenase@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Farideh
Najm Sarvari
farideh_najm@yahoo.com
4
General physician, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Ahanchian
hamidahanchian@yahoo.com
5
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Amin
Heidari
heidaria@mums.ac.ir
6
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Mottaghi
mahdim_3000@yahoo.com
7
General physician, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Babl FE, Sheriff N, Neutze J, et al. Bronchiolitis management in pediatric emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand: a PREDICT study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:656-658
1
Øymar K, Skjerven HO, Mikalsen IB. Acute bronchiolitis in infants, a review. Scandinavian Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:23.
2
Piedimonte G, Perez MK. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatr Rev. 2014;35:519-530.
3
Green CA, Scarselli E, Voysey M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of novel respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines based on the RSV viral proteins F, N and M2-1 encoded by simian adenovirus (PanAd3-RSV) and MVA (MVA-RSV); protocol for an open-label, dose-escalation, single-centre, phase 1 clinical trial in healthy adults. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008748.
4
Dominguez KD. Treatment and Prevention of RSV Bronchiolitis. J of Pharmacy Practice. 2001;14:166-180.
5
Rogovik AL, Carleton B, Solimano A. Palivizumab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56:769-772
6
Turner TL, Kopp BT, Paul G, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus: current and emerging treatment options. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2014;6:217-225.
7
Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM, et al. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Paediatr Child Health. 2014;19:485-498.
8
Wright M, Mullett CJ, Piedimonte G. Pharmacological management of acute bronchiolitis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4:895-903.
9
King VJ, Viswanathan M, Bordley WC, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of bronchiolitis in infants and children: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:127-137.
10
Beigelman A, Chipps BE, Bacharier LB.. Update on the utility of corticosteroids in acute pediatric respiratory disorders. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2015 ;36:332-338.
11
Teeratakulpisarn J, Limwattananon C, Tanupattarachai S, et al. Efficacy of dexamethasone injection for acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized children: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:433-439.
12
De Boeck K, Van der Aa N, Van Lierde S, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a double-blind dexamethasone efficacy study. J Pediatr. 1997;131:919-921.
13
Jartti T, Nieminen R, Vuorinen T, et al. Short-and long-term efficacy of prednisolone for first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:691-698.
14
Chung JH, Kang DH, Jo JK, et al. Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials published in the Journal of Korean Medical Science from 1986 to 2011. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:973-980.
15
Simões EA, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, et al. Challenges and opportunities in developing respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1-20.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Diphenhydramine Gargling on Sore Throat in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery with Laryngeal Mask Insertion
Intoduction: Sore throat is a common postoperative complication in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Several factors contribute to this complication, and the airway management method plays a pivotal role in this regard. The present study aimed to assess the effect of diphenhydramine gargling on sore throat in patients undergoing cataract surgery with laryngeal mask insertion. Methods: This placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial was conducted on two groups of intervention and control. The patients in the intervention group gargled 8 cc (20 mg) of diphenhydramine diluted to 20 cc with normal saline 20 minutes before anesthesia induction. The control group patients gargled 20 cc of normal saline 20 minutes before anesthesia induction. The score of sore throat severity was determined based on the visual analogue scale during recovery three, six, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Results: Initially, 176 candidates of eye surgery using laryngeal mask airway (LMA) were enrolled in the study, and three patients were excluded from the intervention group due to withdrawal. In the intervention group, 36 patients (42.9%) were female, and 48 patients (57.1%) were male. In the control group, 46 patients (52.3%) were female, and 42 patients (47.7%) were male. The mean age of the subjects was 59.5±16.74 and 57.94±15.74 years in the intervention and controls groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of age and gender (P=0.53 and P=0.29, respectively). The mean score of pain severity was 0.3±0.14 and 1.7±0.14 in the intervention and control groups, respectively, which indicated a significant difference between the groups at each measurement point (P<0.001). However, the reported pain severity scores were not correlated with age, gender, mask size, and duration of surgery. Conclusion: Gargling 20 milligrams of diphenhydramine suspension 20 minutes prior to LMA insertion in the patients undergoing eye surgery significantly reduced the post-anesthesia sore throat compared to the control group. Moreover, sore throat had no associations with the age, gender, duration of surgery, and mask size of the patients.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_15235_920d4eca983869d45f79bd9564d8f9ba.pdf
2020-04-07
170
174
10.22038/rcm.2020.45952.1304
Cataract Surgery
Diphenhydramine Chloride
Laryngeal mask airway
Postoperative Sore Throat
Mohsen
Sabermoghaddam
sabermoghaddamm@mums.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor Anesthesiology, Lung Disease Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Elham
Bakhtiari
bakhtiarie@mums.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Alipour
alipourm@mums.ac.ir
3
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical care, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Higgins P, Chung F, Mezei G. Postoperative sore throat after ambulatory surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:582-584.
1
McHardy F, Chung F. Postoperative sore throat: cause, prevention and treatment. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:444-453.
2
Minamiguchi M, Tanaka Y, Kitagawa K, Iet al. Evaluation of factors associated with postoperative sore throat. Masui. 2014;63:401-405.
3
Canbay O, Celebi N, Sahin A, et al. Ketamine gargle for attenuating postoperative sore throat. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100:490-493.
4
Namazi M. Diphenhydramine gargling may slow the healing of oral lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:12.
5
Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Mall G, Patterson J, Xie X, Weiss SJ. 1% lidocaine versus 0.5% diphenhydramine for local anesthesia in minor laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:1328-1332.
6
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Medial Collateral Ligament Knee Injury in a Patient Receiving Rivaroxaban: A Cause of Acute Hemarthrosis
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury is highly common in athletes and the elderly. This ligament is in the knee region and is often at the risk of injury. Severe pain and motor limitation are the most important signs in the acute phase of the injury. In patients receiving anticoagulants, damage to the knee joint may lead to intra-articular bleeding, which exacerbates the symptoms and prolongs the recovery period. The present study aimed to describe the case of a 76-year-old woman with a sudden spin on the left knee while getting off a car. After a few minutes of walking, the patients felt pain, heard a pop-like sound on the injured knee, and was unable to walk, experiencing pain in the knee. The patient was transferred to the emergency department by the caregivers. The present case report was focused on the MCL injury in a patient receiving an anticoagulant due to atrial fibrillation.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_15238_267743eb914408cb9348b2419f400399.pdf
2020-04-07
175
177
10.22038/rcm.2020.44030.1295
Anticoagulant
Hemarthrosis
Knee injury
Seyed Reza
Habibzadeh
habibzadehr@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Foroughian
foroughianmh@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Rayat Dost
3
Department of Emergency Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
AUTHOR
Roach CJ, Haley CA, Cameron KL, et al. The epidemiology of medial collateral ligament sprains in young athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:1103-1109.
1
Chahal J, Al-Taki M, Pearce D, et al. Injury patterns to the posteromedial corner of the knee in high grade multiligament knee injuries: a MRI study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:1098-1104.
2
Griffith CJ, Laprade RF, Johansen S, et al. Medial knee injury: Medial knee injury: part 1, Static function of the individual components of the main medial knee structures. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1762-1770.
3
Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, Laprade RF, et al. Medial knee injury: part 2, load sharing between the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1771-1776.
4
Laprade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, et al. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: An in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:330-338.
5
Dale KM, Bailey JR, Moorman CT 3rd.Surgical management and treatment of the Anterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament injured knee. Clin Sports Med. 2017;36:87-103.
6
Hayes CW, Brigido MK, Jamadar DA, et al. Mechanism-based pattern approach to classification of complex injuries of the knee depicted at MR imaging. Radiographics. 2000;20:S121-134.
7
Sarimo J, Rantanen J, Heikkilä J, et al. Acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee. Is routine arthroscopic examination necessary? A study of 320 consecutive patients. Scand J Surg. 2002;91:361-364.
8
Harilainen A, Myllynen P, Antila H, et al. The significance of arthroscopy and examination under anaesthesia in the diagnosis of fresh injury haemarthrosis of the knee joint. Injury. 1988;19:21-24.
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pulmonary Hypertension as an Initial Presentation of Wilson’s Disease: A Case Report
Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder, which is associated with clinical manifestations such as liver dysfunction, psychological and neurological issues, and specific laboratory findings demonstrating the increased urinary excretion of copper and copper accumulation in the body. Wilson’s disease is occasionally presented by atypical features, which delay the diagnosis of this rare disorder. This study aimed to describe the case of a patient with pulmonary and portal hypertension as a primary manifestation of Wilson’s disease. A young male patient was admitted to the emergency department due to the deterioration of respiratory symptoms and overall weakness. The patient had a history of dyspnea and fatigue, which was diagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. In the previous admission, the liver function test of the patient was not disrupted, and serum/urinary copper and ceruloplasmin levels were normal. In the current admission, the patient had elevated bilirubin and enzyme levels, as well as abnormal copper and ceruloplasmin levels. Moreover, portal hypertensive gastropathy and Kayser-Fleischer ring were detected in further investigations, confirming the diagnosis of Wilson’s disease. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on Wilson’s disease initially presented with pulmonary and portal hypertension.
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_15241_3db8702c4d61f055dca91d3fae422068.pdf
2020-04-07
178
181
10.22038/rcm.2020.45474.1298
Portal Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
Wilson’s Disease
Fariba
Rezaeetalab
rezaitalabf@mums.ac.ir
1
Lung Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mahnaz
Mozdourian
mozdorianmh@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Poujois A, Woimant F, Samson S, et al. Characteristics and prevalence of Wilson’s disease: A 2013 observational population-based study in France. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2018;42:57-63.
1
Poujois A, Woimant F. Wilson’s disease: A 2017 update. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2018;42:512-520.
2
Poujois A, Woimant F. Challenges in the diagnosis of Wilson disease. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 2):S67.
3
Lahiri D, Agarwal R, Mondal D, Roy MK, Sarkar N, Mukhopadhyay J. Hepatopulmonary syndrome as the first manifestation of Wilson disease. Journal of Case Reports.2015;5:37-41.
4
Jung K-H, Ahn T-B, Jeon BS. Wilson Disease With an Initial Manifestation of Polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1628-1631.
5
Prashanth LK, Taly AB, Sinha S, Aet al. Wilson’s disease: diagnostic errors and clinical implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:907-909.
6
Ranjan S, Saurabh KJIJoCP. Varied and atypical presentation of Wilson disease in a family: report of 3 cases in siblings.IJCP. 2016;3:1466.
7
Shribman S, Warner TT, Dooley JS. Clinical presentations of Wilson disease. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 2):S60.
8
Møller S, Bernardi M. Interactions of the heart and the liver. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2804-2811.
9
Quick S, Reuner U, Weidauer M, et al. Cardiac and autonomic function in patients with Wilson’s disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019;14:22.
10
Giouleme O, Anagnostis P, Patsiaoura K, et al. Sarcoidosis-induced pericarditis in a patient with portopulmonary hypertension: a case report. Cases Journal 2009, 2:8640.
11