Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
Association of cytogenetics and immunophenotype in prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Literature Review
2
6
EN
Abdollah
Banihashem
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Ali
Ghasemi
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Lueisa
Tavasolian
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.002
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of neoplastic disorder diagnosed in childhood. It is the cause of one third of all pediatric malignancies. ALL is characterized by the abnormal production and proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in bone marrow (BM). It seems that ALL occurs due to a genetic mutation in DNA structure producing white blood cell (WBC) stem cells. Because ALL is a systemic disease, its primary management is based on chemotherapy.<br/>There are important risk factors responsible for the poor prognosis of ALL in children less than 1 year old and greater than 10 years old, such as: high WBC, mature T cell ,mature B cell, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, DNA index < 1 (hypodiploid), triploidy, tetraploidy, Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene re-arrangement on 11q23, the Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22), reduction in platelet count, hemoglobin>10 at diagnosis, no remission at the end of induction therapy and Minimal residual disease at the end of consolidation therapy. Complications might appear during the treatment including tumor lysis syndrome, bleeding, renal failure, sepsis, seizure, thrombosis, etc. Some consequences might identify after a long-term follow-up such as learning impairment, growth retardation, and secondary malignancies. It is estimated that up to 90% of pediatric ALL cases are curable.
acute lymphoblastic leukemia,Cytogenetic,Immunophenotype,Prognosis
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2199.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2199_28484daf1b78e37c8fb764711f4c6005.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
The effect of Tranexamic acid on cardiac surgery bleeding
7
11
EN
Mohammad
Esmaeelzadeh
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Shahram
Amini
Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.003
Serious bleeding in cardiac surgery leads to re-exploration, blood transfusion and increases the risks of mortality and morbidity. Using the lysine analogous of antifibrionlytic agents are the preferred strategy to suppress the need for transfusion procedures and blood products. Although tranexamic acid has been very influential in reducing the transfusion requirement after operation, tranexamic acid induced seizures is one of the common side effects of this drug. Due to inhibiting the fibrinolysis, thrombotic events are other possible side effects of using tranexamic acid. There are no certain results regarding decreasing the mortality rate by using the drug but it is identified that tranexamic acid does not increase the mortality. In this article, we aimed to review the literature on using tranexamic acid in cardiac surgeries.
Bleeding,Blood transfusion,Cardiac Surgery,Tranexamic acid
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2201.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2201_8d02266e309d03389e3114411e703ce6.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
How to encounter the child in coma
12
16
EN
Mohammad Hassan
Aelami
Department of Pediatrics, Infection Control & Hand Hygiene Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Sepideh
Bagheri
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Seyed Morteza
Rasti Sani
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.004
Non-traumatic coma is a medical emergency and should be evaluated as soon as possible. Pediatric coma is more serious because of patient’s capacity of pathological stressor tolerance is limited especially in neonates.<br/>Several etiologies could be listed for loss of consciousness (LOC) and coma in childhood. According to the epidemiological studies, causes of coma are different all around the world. Glasgow Coma Scale has been used for coma scaling. In this review, we focused on some highlight causes of coma in pediatric medicine.
Coma,Glasgow Coma Scale,Pediatric
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2202.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2202_9ff796f817163592b177b72d4c31b141.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
The role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic focal brain lesions
17
20
EN
Sirous
Nekooei
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Bahareh
Haratizadeh
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.005
The ability to differentiate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic focal brain lesions is critical for appropriate management of patient. Due to low specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adequate data for differentiating would not be provided.<br/>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is one of the newly supplementary methods for determining molecular structures and better differentiation among brain lesions. The applicability of MRI plus MRS in changing the histopathology is undetermined.<br/>In order to evaluate the benefits of magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with the conventional magnetic resonance imaging, we reviewed related literature till 2013.
Focal brain lesions,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,Neoplastic
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2203.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2203_d9e7b115bbb55a9b9a932ad0cb0ccd8c.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
Serum zinc, copper, selenium, and lead levels in children with chronic renal failure
21
24
EN
Forough
Rakhshanizadeh
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Mohammad
Esmaeeli
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.006
In the last two centuries, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal failure (RF) have been considered as the main medical problems which were fatal in many cases. Trace elements such as selenium, copper, and zinc are the components of biological enzymes which have a crucial role in decreasing reactive oxygen. The levels of these trace elements reduce in CKD patients. Close and careful nutritional support of children with CKD, particularly in the early stages of the disease, is necessary.
chronic kidney disease,Renal failure,Trace elements
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2204.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2204_d376d554c176dbed4387583e93f65cde.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
Vasculitic peripheral neuropathy
25
28
EN
Mona
Amini
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Reza
Boostani
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Maryam
Sahebari
Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.007
Primary systemic vasculitis in pre-capillary arteries is associated with peripheral neuropathy. In some types of systematic vasculitis about 60 % of patients have peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement. In vasculitic peripheral neuropathies (VPN) a necrotizing and inflammatory process leads to narrowing of vasa nervorum lumen and eventually the appearance of ischemic lesions in peripheral nerves. Some features might be suggestive of VPN, like: axonal nerve degeneration, wallerian-like degeneration, and diameter irregularity of nerve. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) destruction during systemic vasculitides should be considered, due to its frequency and early occurrence in vasculitis progression. The first line treatment of non systematic VPNs is corticosteroid agents, but these drugs might worsen the VPNs or systemic vasculitis.
Mononeuropathy,Neuropathy,Vasculitis
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2205.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2205_8acd27cf72674f1fbd6bab2a3d64e472.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
Refractory seizures in children
29
32
EN
Seyed Ebrahim
Mansoorinejad
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Farah
Ashrafzadeh
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Javad
Akhondian
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Mehran
Beiraghi Toosi
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.008
Epilepsy is described as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome results from various cerebral destructions. It is categorized to partial and generalized forms. Degree of neural system impairment and affected area determine the severity and pattern of symptoms. Patients might experience sensory, motor, or both signs and symptoms. About 60% of epileptic patients suffer from partial type. It is estimated that up to 30% of epilepsy cases would not be controlled adequately despite sufficient and proper management. Anacyclus pyrethrum, Citrus aurantium var. amara, Paeonia officinalis, Rosa Damascena and Nigella Sativa are some of herbal drugs which have antiepileptic effect. Natural agents are valuable sources to treat chronic diseases and a huge number of world`s population believe herbs are effective and safe for daily primary health care needs. There is not enough evidence about their efficacy and safety obtained from randomized control trials.
Children,Epilepsy,Seizure
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2206.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2206_edc2f7af4baba9d43512b4505cdcf9c4.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Reviews in Clinical Medicine
2345-6256
2345-6892
1
1
2014
02
01
The overexpression of COX 2 in Wilms’ tumor
33
37
EN
Sara
Hashemi
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.17463/RCM.2014.01.009
Cyclooxygenase 2 has become an important pharmacological target in anticancer therapy due to the over expression of COX 2 in pathological conditions. <br/>Wilms’ tumor is a common kidney cancer in children which has shown an increase in COX 2 enzyme level. Here we reviewed various articles that considered the cyclooxygenase 2 changes specifically in Wilms’ tumor regarding the mechanisms of action and inhibitors of COX 2.
Cyclooxygenase,Kidney,Prostaglandins,Wilms’ tumor
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2207.html
https://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_2207_48fb82958431523c7a61ae21a3844726.pdf