An Update on Ocular Trauma in Children with Behavioral Disorders

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

2 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

10.22038/rcm.2026.91145.1563

Abstract

Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual impairment in children, and those with behavioral disorders may be at greater risk because of impulsivity, limited hazard awareness, and difficulty adhering to safety instructions. This narrative review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, and management of ocular trauma in children with behavioral disorders, with emphasis on prevention strategies and long-term outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies investigating the association between behavioral disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and conduct disorders, and ocular injuries in children. The available evidence was synthesized to highlight recent findings, clinical challenges, and advances in management approaches. Children with behavioral disorders appear to have a higher incidence of ocular trauma and often present with more severe injuries, partly because of delayed recognition and treatment. Common causes include accidental self-inflicted injuries, falls, and object-related trauma. Diagnostic and management challenges arise from communication difficulties, sensory sensitivities, and limited behavioral cooperation. Recent evidence suggests that tailored preventive interventions, caregiver education, and multidisciplinary management may reduce the burden of ocular trauma in this vulnerable population.

Keywords

Reviews in Clinical Medicine
Volume 13, Issue 1
Volume 13, Issue 1, March 2026
May 2026
Pages 1-5

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