Sayyed Majid Sadrzadeh; Seyed Mohammad Mousavi; Fatemeh Sadat Taghizadeh; Behrang Rezvani Kakhki; Maryam Akbarilakeh; Eelnaz Vafadar Moradi
Abstract
Introduction: The effectiveness of the educational system along with the research development in each country is considered as one of the criteria of development measurement. Methods: This study is a descriptive - cross-sectional study during 2018-2019. The statistical population includes all medical ...
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Introduction: The effectiveness of the educational system along with the research development in each country is considered as one of the criteria of development measurement. Methods: This study is a descriptive - cross-sectional study during 2018-2019. The statistical population includes all medical students who have passed the physiopathology degree in the second semester and data collection is done by field method. The instrument of consists of two parts. The first part contains demographic information of the participants and the second part presents standard questionnaire of educational experience include Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Neumann's Quality of Learning Experience. The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent T-test and ANOVA were used. Result: In this research, 45.7% were male) n=49), 54.20% female (n=58), 14% married (n=15), 86% single (n=92), 8.41% Have a work (n=9), 91.58% dont have a work (n=98), and finally 55.1% were interested in their field. There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of appropriate teaching (P-value <0.001), clear goals (P-value <0.001), appropriate evaluation (P-value <0.001), independence (P-value<0.001), and general skill (P-value<0.001), with experiences of courses. The strongest correlation with the quality of educational experiences was the appropriate evaluation (0.65). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that in order to achieve the most important goal of medical education, more efforts are needed to improve educational quality.
Somaye Farokhnejad; Mostafa Dastani; Afsoon Fazlinejad; Roya Narenji Sani
Abstract
Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is caused mainly by obstruction of coronary arteries. The ischemic assessment through echocardiography is dependent on wall motion abnormality detection during systole. In patients with ischemic heart disease the diastolic function is impaired before systolic function ...
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Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is caused mainly by obstruction of coronary arteries. The ischemic assessment through echocardiography is dependent on wall motion abnormality detection during systole. In patients with ischemic heart disease the diastolic function is impaired before systolic function and measurement of regional diastolic dysfunction if possible will be most sensitive for assessment of obstructed coronary artery region. This study was designed to determine whether regional left ventricular delayed relaxation diagnosis could be detected with strain imaging derived from two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease.Methods: All the articles reviewed were obtained using MEDLINE & ScienceDirect (up to October 2014). All data extracted by speckle tracking echocardiography. The index which is used is strain imaging diastolic index which is calculated as: (A-B) A×100 . A is the amount of strain at the time Aortic value closure and B is the amount of strain in first one-third point of diastolic duration.Result: Four articles were reviewed. Three articles assessed patients with echocardiography at rest and one with stress echocardiography. All articles showed the coronary artery tracking with significant stenosis is possible by regional deformation analysis through two-dimensional strain.Discussion: The usage of strain images obtained through two-dimensional speckle tracking has been validated for the quantitation assessment of regional dysfunction in ischemic heart disease. Regional LV delayed relaxation diagnosis with strain imaging is a reliable method after treadmill stress test.Conclusion: Strain imaging is reasonable for evaluation of ischemia as a low cost noninvasive test with high accuracy.
Farzaneh Iravani; Reza Iravani; Majid Mojarad
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths across the world. The prevalence of GC varies in different countries and even in various regions of the same country. GC is often sporadic, and the familial type occurs in approximately 10% of the cases. ...
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Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths across the world. The prevalence of GC varies in different countries and even in various regions of the same country. GC is often sporadic, and the familial type occurs in approximately 10% of the cases. The main risk factors for GC include age, family history, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking habits, and genetic factors. One of the important altered genes in GC is p53, which is the most frequently mutated gene in this cancer type. P53 is involved in the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Moreover, it is considered to be the cellular gatekeeper for cell growth and division and it is referred as the ‘guardian of genome’. Another important gene involved in GC is CDH1, which encodes the epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) protein. E-cadherin is considered to be the main cause of familial GC. Cadherin is a type of cell adhesion molecule, which represents calcium-dependent adhesion and plays a pivotal role in maintaining adherent junctions in the areas of epithelial cell-cell contact. Furthermore, it is suspected to be a tumor suppressor gene for GC. Gene therapy has been increasingly performed on various GC cell lines, including SGC7901 and animal models, some of which will be reviewed in the present study.
Mohsen Karbalaei; Saman Soleimanpour; Majid Eslami; Bahman Yousefi; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a major public health concern and a successful intracellular pathogen associated with high mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) and tubercular meningitis ...
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a major public health concern and a successful intracellular pathogen associated with high mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) and tubercular meningitis in children. However, BCG is not adequately effective in the treatment of the adults affected to TB. According to the literature, there are controversial data on the potential role of B cells. B cells and humoral immune response play a key role in the amplification of the host immune response against TB. This review study aimed to discuss B cells and humoral immune responses in TB infection and assess its application as a therapeutic option. The monitoring of various B cell phenotypes in TB could be a reliable marker for the prediction of TB in individuals, especially in the latent form. According to the findings, the CMI response (especially Th1 activities) is not sufficient for efficient protection against TB, and B cells and Abs influence the innate immunocytes and Th1, while playing a pivotal role in various outcomes of exposure with tubercle bacilli. Although B cells may contribute to Mtb in the development of active TB, further investigations are required regarding the effects of B cells and humoral immunity on TB pathogenesis and the targeted harmful humoral-mediated response. Moreover, B cells and antibodies could be proper biomarkers to promote the studies regarding the detection of reliable diagnostic tools for the reactivation of latent TB, as well as use as a new generation of therapeutic options.
Kamran Aryana; Abolghasem Allahyari; Ramin Sadeghi; Farrokh Silanian Tousi; Mohammad Mahdi Kooshyar; Seyed Hosein Hashemipour; Hamideh Sadra
Abstract
Introduction: This systematic review studies the prognostic value of two conventional imaging tools, sestamibi and gallium scans, for predicting how patients with Hodgkin lymphoma will respond to treatment.Methods: The PubMed database was searched for English-language articles that contained the following ...
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Introduction: This systematic review studies the prognostic value of two conventional imaging tools, sestamibi and gallium scans, for predicting how patients with Hodgkin lymphoma will respond to treatment.Methods: The PubMed database was searched for English-language articles that contained the following search terms: (Hodgkin AND [mibi OR sestamibi OR gallium OR spect] AND response). All articles that were identified during this search were included in the study, regardless of date published. The inclusion criteria were as follows: articles that described studies that were limited to Hodgkin patients and that reported the predictive value of conventional imaging tools. Articles about other types of lymphoma and/or those that focused on the diagnostic and staging accuracy of mibi and gallium scans were excluded.Result: In total, 14 articles were retrieved. Of these, the majority met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review with the exception of two, which were limited to an examination of the reliability of performing sestamibi scans to predict the response to treatment. All remaining 12 articles considered both the sestamibi scans and the gallium scintigraphy.The results of the systematic review indicate that positive gallium scan results can be proposed as a poor prognostic factor that is associated with partial or full recurrence of Hodgkin disease, a reduction in overall survival rate, and progression-free survival compared with patients with a negative scan.Discussion: Both sestamibi and gallium scans revealed high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the response to treatment including complete remission, partial remission, and recurrence of the disease.Conclusion:These imaging tools can appropriately assess how Hodgkin patients will respond to chemotherapy. As such, clinicians can use these tools to devise appropriate treatment strategies.
Abbas Esmaeilzadeh; Azita Ganji; Ali Bahari; Ladan Goshayeshi
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatitis E infection is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is a self-limiting disease with moderate-to-high prevalence in various regions. Considering that HEV is endemic in Iran, the present study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of HEV in Iran.Methods: This systematic ...
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Introduction: Hepatitis E infection is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is a self-limiting disease with moderate-to-high prevalence in various regions. Considering that HEV is endemic in Iran, the present study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of HEV in Iran.Methods: This systematic review was performed in May 2016 to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis E infection in Iran via searching in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and IranMedex using the following approach: (((Hepatitis E OR HEV)) AND (epidemiology OR frequency OR prevalence)) AND Iran. After collecting the proper documents, the required data were extracted and described.Result: In total, 24 relevant articles with 12,555 study populations were collected in this study. The results of the review indicated that the prevalence of HEV is relatively high in the Iranian population. In the reviewed literature, the prevalence of HEV varied from 2.3% to more than 40%.Conclusion: According to the results, the prevalence of HEV in Iran is similar to the rate reported in the other developing countries. Therefore, it is recommended that routine tests be conducted for the diagnosis of hepatitis E, especially in the suspected cases of acute non-A, non-B, and non-C hepatitis.
Mozhgan Moghadas niyat
Abstract
Introduction: The prognostic value of Her2-positive expression has been investigated for malignancies such as breast cancer. We aimed to study the association between Her2 gene overexpression and clinical progression of hormone-independent prostate cancer. Methods: PubMed was searched to obtain the relevant ...
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Introduction: The prognostic value of Her2-positive expression has been investigated for malignancies such as breast cancer. We aimed to study the association between Her2 gene overexpression and clinical progression of hormone-independent prostate cancer. Methods: PubMed was searched to obtain the relevant articles without language or date limit. Reference list of the relevant articles was also searched to prevent missing any relevant article. Data were extracted regarding the patients’ survival and disease-free survival. Results: Overall, 15 articles were obtained, which studied the prognostic value of Her2 overexpression in patients with prostate cancer. Based on obtained hazard ratio and calculated log-rank test, overexpression of Her2 was significantly associated with disease recurrence, overall survival and cause-specific survival. Discussion: Her2 expression can be considered as a mortality rate indicator in patients with metastatic prostate cancer and higher risk of disease recurrence (increase in PSA level) has been suggested in these patients with over expression of Her2.Conclusion: Despite various differences in included articles regarding methodology, results, sample size and individual differences, Her2 overexpression showed a positive relation with poor prognosis of prostate cancer regarding survival and disease recurrence.
Hasan Ravari; Azin Banihashem; Mohammad Vejdani; Gholamhosein Kazemzadeh
Abstract
Vascular access failure is known as a principal cause of morbidity of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The major reason for vascular access failure is the neointimal hyperplasia which leads to venous thrombosis and stenosis. The efficacy of different pharmacological therapies has been studied ...
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Vascular access failure is known as a principal cause of morbidity of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The major reason for vascular access failure is the neointimal hyperplasia which leads to venous thrombosis and stenosis. The efficacy of different pharmacological therapies has been studied in increasing the vascular access patency duration or decreasing the thrombosis of arteriovenous grafts or fistulas. In the current review, we reviewed the results obtained in different randomized control trials considering the efficacy of pharmacotherapy on the thrombosis rate and duration of vascular access grafts patency in HD patients.
Mohammad Esmaeelzadeh; Shahram Amini
Abstract
Serious bleeding in cardiac surgery leads to re-exploration, blood transfusion and increases the risks of mortality and morbidity. Using the lysine analogous of antifibrionlytic agents are the preferred strategy to suppress the need for transfusion procedures and blood products. Although tranexamic acid ...
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Serious bleeding in cardiac surgery leads to re-exploration, blood transfusion and increases the risks of mortality and morbidity. Using the lysine analogous of antifibrionlytic agents are the preferred strategy to suppress the need for transfusion procedures and blood products. Although tranexamic acid has been very influential in reducing the transfusion requirement after operation, tranexamic acid induced seizures is one of the common side effects of this drug. Due to inhibiting the fibrinolysis, thrombotic events are other possible side effects of using tranexamic acid. There are no certain results regarding decreasing the mortality rate by using the drug but it is identified that tranexamic acid does not increase the mortality. In this article, we aimed to review the literature on using tranexamic acid in cardiac surgeries.
Hosna Ghandeharioun; Fariborz Rezaeitalab; Reza Lotfi
Abstract
Overnight polysomnography is the gold standard for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS). However, it is expensive and needs attending personnel. The study of simplified sleep apnea monitoring is one of the recent trends for sleep medicine research. The proposed clinical prediction ...
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Overnight polysomnography is the gold standard for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS). However, it is expensive and needs attending personnel. The study of simplified sleep apnea monitoring is one of the recent trends for sleep medicine research. The proposed clinical prediction rules employ the vital and social statistics, symptoms, craniofacial traits, and obesity-related measures for initial screening of OSAS in an ambulatory setting. However, most of them are partially or completely clinical and not home-based. One disadvantage of this sort of screening methods is their inability to asses OSAS severity. Another approach of initial OSAS screening is a usage of just one or two physiological signals such as electrocardiography (ECG), pulse oximetry, snoring, nasal airflow, or even speech sound. In this study, we aimed to review the different strategies and to compare their performances, reported by means of their sensitivity–specificity and accuracy for OSAS incidence and severity. OSAS severity is determined by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) value. Based on the data obtained from the related articles, the most accurate methods of AHI estimation exploit ECG and pulse oximetry signals.
Amir Rezaei Ardani; Azam Motamedi Nasab
Abstract
Worldwide growing methamphetamine abuse is one of the most serious health problems with several different consequences for victims, especially in developing countries. Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with several psychiatric problems in all countries which are faced to epidemic methamphetamine ...
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Worldwide growing methamphetamine abuse is one of the most serious health problems with several different consequences for victims, especially in developing countries. Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with several psychiatric problems in all countries which are faced to epidemic methamphetamine abuse. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is a major medical challenge for clinical practitioner from both diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints. Stimulant psychosis commonly occurs in people who abuse stimulants, but it also occurs in some patients taking therapeutic doses of stimulant drugs under medical supervision. The main characteristic of meth psychosis is the presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions. Other drugs, such as cocaine and marijuana, can trigger the onset of psychosis in someone who is already at increased risk because they have “vulnerability”.The current literature review attends to explain several aspects of MIP epidemiologically and clinically. Investigators proposed pharmacologically treatment based on recently published data.
Vahideh Banazadeh; Ali Jangjoo; Andisheh Norouzian Ostad; Golnaz Ranjbar; Mahdi Jabbari Noghabi; Daryoush Hamidi Alamdari; Majid Ghayour Mobarhan; Reyhaneh Faridnia; Mohsen Nematy
Abstract
Introduction:Gastric bypass surgery is an intervention used to treat class III obesity and its complications. Evidence is scarce regarding its benefits among the Iranian population, especially its role in resolving obesity-related complaints and comorbidities. The present study aimed to investigate the ...
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Introduction:Gastric bypass surgery is an intervention used to treat class III obesity and its complications. Evidence is scarce regarding its benefits among the Iranian population, especially its role in resolving obesity-related complaints and comorbidities. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of gastric bypass surgery on the improvement of obesity-related complaints and comorbidities in morbid obesity. Methods:This study was conducted on 35 morbidly obese patients who volunteered to undergo gastric bypass surgery. Anthropometric data, comorbidity status, and dietary habits were collected at baseline and six months postoperatively. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16.0. Results: The majority of the patients were female (80%). A significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of normal dietary habits (five regular meals per day) before and after surgery (P = 0.01). In comparison, the distribution was not significant for snacking and three large meals per day (P > 0.05). All complaints of eating disorders according to self-reports (e.g., overeating and night eating syndrome) significantly improved (P < 0.05 ). Moreover, the dose of the medications prescribed for the comorbidities associated with obesity reduced significantly (P = 0.001). The frequency of several obesity-related complaints (e.g., knee pain, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, and sleep apnea) also decreased significantly (P < 0.05). However, no significant improvement was observed in hair loss, brittle nails, and menstrual dysfunction (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Accordingly, gastric bypass surgery could improve obesity-related complaints six months postoperatively. Also, according to the patients’ self -declaration, patients’ adherence to “normal eating habits” increased during this period, and their eating disorders like night eating syndrome (NES) and overeating behaviors decreased compared to before the surgery.
Afsaneh Bahrami; Elahe Allahyari; Afrooz Arzehgar; Mehdi Sohrabi; Elham Amirzadeh; Soheila Alipour; Gordon A. Ferns; majid Ghayour
Abstract
Introduction: The serum 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation, differs between individuals. The goal of this study was the evaluation of the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors with the hugeness of response to vitamin supplementation, defined by statistical ...
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Introduction: The serum 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation, differs between individuals. The goal of this study was the evaluation of the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors with the hugeness of response to vitamin supplementation, defined by statistical analysis artificial neural network (ANNs).
Methods: The prospective interventional study was conducted on 529 participants aged 19-12 years old. All participants were administrated to receive nine vitamin D capsules (50000IU vitamin D) over nine weeks. The response variables were the following: the differences between the concentrations of vitamin D before and after intervention.
Results: Among various sociodemographic factors which affect the increase in serum vitamin D amounts in response to supplementations, baseline serum vitamin D (%28.1), BMI (%13.8), physical activity (%12.1), age (%7.6), mother›s education (%6.4), and father›s occupation (%5.8) be important variables.
Conclusion: This interventional study provides specific sociodemographicrecommendations to achieve 25(OH)D targets in cases with severe vitamin D deficiency, perhaps indicating that a higher dose is require to obtain optimal Vit D levels in some individuals.
Hassan Mottaghi; Elahe Heidari; Shirin Sadat Ghiasi
Abstract
Congenital heart defect (CHD) is the most common type of congenital malformation in live births with a wide and variable spectrum in each population. The prevalence of this malformation is reported to be 8 cases per 1,000 live births. The CHD is also accompanied by multiple complications, such as prematurity, ...
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Congenital heart defect (CHD) is the most common type of congenital malformation in live births with a wide and variable spectrum in each population. The prevalence of this malformation is reported to be 8 cases per 1,000 live births. The CHD is also accompanied by multiple complications, such as prematurity, low birth weight, termination of pregnancy, mortality, and morbidity. The concomitant of this defect with extra-cardiac anomalies result in the enhancement of mortality and morbidity. Due to the importance of CHD and role of genetic and environmental factors on CHD, prenatal diagnosis is an issue of fundamental importance. The prenatal diagnosis increases the survival rate and reduces complications, mortality, and morbidity. Fetal echocardiography as a non-invasive and safe method enables the pediatric cardiologists to diagnose CHD prenatally with high sensitivity and specificity. Regarding this, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the literature on the prenatal diagnosis of CHD using fetal echocardiography. Based on the reviewed studies, the role of fetal echocardiography and its indications were defined. Accordingly, fetal echocardiography was suggested as a profitable method for the prenatal diagnosis of CHDs even in the low-risk pregnancies.
Asal Yadollahi; Mostafa dastani; Bita Zargaran; Amir hossein Ghasemi; Hamid reza Rahimi
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a yellow, active substance of an herbal origin, which is mainly derived from turmeric of the ginger family. Extensive research has been focused on the therapeutic effects of this substance on diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, and the hepatoprotective properties ...
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Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a yellow, active substance of an herbal origin, which is mainly derived from turmeric of the ginger family. Extensive research has been focused on the therapeutic effects of this substance on diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, and the hepatoprotective properties have attracted the attention of researchers. In addition, curcumin significantly improves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. It could also modulate various cell signals in cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes. Curcumin attenuates the blood glucose by increasing insulin levels. According to findings, consuming one gram of curcumin per day for one month could decrease total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, it contributes to the control of some of the main parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hepatic cholesterol metabolism is also regulated by curcumin, which has a similar function to lovastatin in the long run. Curcumin has been reported to prevent the enlargement of solid tumours. Several have confirmed the therapeutic role of curcumin in the management of the metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to review the therapeutic effects of curcumin.
Hooman Mosannen Mozaffari; Hosein Ali Abbasi; Ladan Goshayeshi; Abbas Esmaeelzadeh; Ali Bahari; Ali Mokhtarifar; Azita Ganji; Omid Ghanaei; Kambiz Akhavan Rezayat
Abstract
Introduction: It is long known that vitamin D deficiency was common in patients with liver disease, but little is known on the therapeutic effects of vitamin D, especially in patients with chronic liver disease. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the literatures and study the evidences ...
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Introduction: It is long known that vitamin D deficiency was common in patients with liver disease, but little is known on the therapeutic effects of vitamin D, especially in patients with chronic liver disease. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the literatures and study the evidences in which the effects of vitamin D supplementation had been investigated on the severity of chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed by using the following key terms “vitamin D supplementation” and “chronic liver disease” in the PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar to find relevant articles. After collecting the eligible documents, data were extracted and described based on the purpose of this review.Result: Of total 196 articles found, only 7 relevant documents with 518 studied patients were included. The results of this study showed that the levels of 25(OH) D were considerably lower in patients with chronic liver disease. Findings showed that vitamin D supplementation can rise up the mean serum level of 25(OH) D in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency, especially patients with liver cirrhosis.Conclusion:The results of this review showed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with the severity of liver disease and may have prognostic value in the assessment of liver disease. Also, it was shown that vitamin D supplementation may be helpful for the treatment of liver disease at least in certain groups of patients.
Zahra Rezaieyazdi; Maryam Sahebari; Nayyereh Saadati; Mandana Khodashahi
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the attack of the immune system to normal tissues. Patients with autoimmune diseases usually have the deficiency of dietary factors that may be related to the etiology of these conditions. Given the role of vitamin E as a physiologic stabilizer of lysosomal ...
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Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the attack of the immune system to normal tissues. Patients with autoimmune diseases usually have the deficiency of dietary factors that may be related to the etiology of these conditions. Given the role of vitamin E as a physiologic stabilizer of lysosomal membranes, its deficiency can initiate the process of autoimmune diseases or accelerate its progress. It is supposed that vitamin E could reduce oxidative stress, which is an important factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The literature review is indicative of a decrease in the serum levels of vitamin E in almost all autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, there is evidence regarding the possible therapeutic value of vitamin E in the management of autoimmune diseases. Owing to the anti-inflammatory and protective effect of vitamin E against free radicals, and also its important effect on cytokines levels, this vitamin may play a powerful role in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, as well as joint inflammation and damage. Moreover, increased vitamin E intake might decrease the incidence and severity of certain autoimmune diseases through the regulation of the immune system.
Mohammad Asl Zare; Mohammad Reza Darabi Mahboob; Ramin Rahdari
Abstract
Introduction: Urolithiasis is a common and frequently occurring disease with high recurrence rate. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) are two most popular modalities in the treatment of urolithiasis. The efficacy of these two methods is reviewed on the treatment ...
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Introduction: Urolithiasis is a common and frequently occurring disease with high recurrence rate. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) are two most popular modalities in the treatment of urolithiasis. The efficacy of these two methods is reviewed on the treatment of ureteral stones in this systematic review. Method: PubMed was searched for the relevant randomized control trials (RCTs). Stone-free rate and retreatment rate were extracted from each article as the main outcomes, and Odds ratio was reported in each study.Result: Based on calculated odds ratio of each article, URSL has an odds ratio of 1 for the event of retreatment rate compared with ESWL.Discussion: Performing URSL in the treatment of urolithiasis could be associated with higher stone-free rate and lower retreatment rate; however duration of the surgery seems to be longer during URSL compared with ESWL.Conclusions: There was high discrepancy between included RCTs regarding the study design, stone location, types of ureteroscope, intracorporeal lithotripsy devices, time to follow-up, and surgeon experience, which might affect the decision regarding type of surgery.
Mohammad Gharavi Fard; Mohsen Akhondi
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the conventional and new techniques of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in terms of the rate and severity of postoperative sore throat.Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients referring to Khatam-ol Anbia Hospitalin Mashhad, Iran ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the conventional and new techniques of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in terms of the rate and severity of postoperative sore throat.Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients referring to Khatam-ol Anbia Hospitalin Mashhad, Iran for phacoemulsification. The patients underwent general anesthesia, and the conventional technique was performed by pushing down the LMA with the dominant hand with the simultaneous support of the index finger of the dominant hand. In addition, the new technique was carried out by conducting the LMA with the dominant hand and simultaneous use of the non-dominant hand to prevent the contact of the cuff with the palate and oropharynx tissues. All the variables were assessed one day after the operation. Results: The rate of postoperative sore throat was 7.5% in the conventional technique and 1.25% in the new technique. Comparison of the rate of postoperative sore throat between the study groups showed a significant difference in this regard (P=0.048). The overall rate of postoperative sore throat one day after the operation was 3.75%, while it was estimated at 3.75% in the conventional technique. However, comparison of the rate of postoperative sore throat between the study groups demonstrated no significant difference in this regard (P=0.077). Conclusion: Considering the higher effectiveness of the new LMA insertion technique compared to the conventional one technique in the prevention of preventing mucosal bleeding and postoperative sore throat, the new this technique is recommended as a can be used as a safe alternative to for the conventional technique. In the new LMA insertion technique, the this method, the rate of postoperative sore throat decreased due to the declined diminished due to reduced pressure on the tissues of the oropharynx tissues.
Masoud Pezeshki Rad; Mahdi Momennezhad; Shahrokh Naseri; Mahsa Nahidi; Abolfazl Mahmoudzadeh; Behzad Aminzadeh
Abstract
During the last decades there has been an increasing interest in studying the differences between males and females. These differences extend from behavioral to cognitive to micro- and macro- neuro-anatomical aspects of human biology. There have been many methods to evaluate these differences and explain ...
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During the last decades there has been an increasing interest in studying the differences between males and females. These differences extend from behavioral to cognitive to micro- and macro- neuro-anatomical aspects of human biology. There have been many methods to evaluate these differences and explain their determinants. The most studied cause of this dimorphism is the prenatal sex hormones and their organizational effect on brain and behavior. However, there have been new and recent attentions to hormone’s activational influences in puberty and also the effects of genomic imprinting. In this paper, we reviewed the sex differences of brain, the evidences for possible determinants of these differences and also the methods that have been used to discover them. We reviewed the most conspicuous findings with specific attention to macro-anatomical differences based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. We finally reviewed the findings and the many opportunities for future studies.
Hamid Reza Bahrami; Roshanak Salari; Mohammadreza Noras
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of infantile colic is high, but there is no safe and effective conventional treatment. Acupuncture is a Chinese method of complementary medicine, and its therapeutic effects have been investigated in colic pain, crying out, fecal excretion, anxiety, relaxation and sleep duration. ...
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Introduction: The prevalence of infantile colic is high, but there is no safe and effective conventional treatment. Acupuncture is a Chinese method of complementary medicine, and its therapeutic effects have been investigated in colic pain, crying out, fecal excretion, anxiety, relaxation and sleep duration. The use of acupuncture in infantile colic has increased despite weak evidence. The aim of this paper was to review the literature about safety and efficiency of acupuncture in infantile colic.Methods: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Scopus were searched with keywords “infantile colic”, and “acupuncture”, and a manual search of references was also performed in articles. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) and case reports were included in this review.Results: Seven of the 36 studies evaluated the effects of acupuncture in infantile colic. Five RCT, one case reports and one personal communication with acupuncturists were evaluated in our studys.Conclusion: Several studies have investigated the effects of acupuncture in infantile colic and found beneficial results. We found evidences of some efficacy and low risk associated with acupuncture in pediatrics. To improve further acupuncture therapy, further research is required to investigate the effects of acupuncture on infantile colic by using experimental and control groups.
Alireza Sedaghat; Ali Ahmadabadi; Seyed Hassan Tavousi; Benyamin Fazli; Mahmood Khorsand; Bita Mirzaie Feyzabadi
Abstract
Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but potentially life-threatening reactions to medications. Both conditions have significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to document the epidemiological features, aetiologies, treatment and clinical ...
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Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but potentially life-threatening reactions to medications. Both conditions have significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to document the epidemiological features, aetiologies, treatment and clinical outcomes of such patients.Method: In this retrospective cross-sectional study the records of all patients with TEN treated for5 years in central Hospital, Mashhad, Iran were reviewed. Results: Thirty-four patients were studied with a mean age of 26.5 years. Mean age in the mortality and survivors groups was 33.6 and 25.3 years, respectively. Drugs accounted for all 34 cases were including Anti-convulsants (52.9%) other the most common implicated drug followed by antibiotics (26.5%), allopurinol (5.9%) and multiple drugs (anticonvulsants plus antibiotics) (14.7%). Antibiotics had the shortest interval between ingestion time and onset of symptoms. The mean ICU length of stay was 12.7 days, with a range of 1 to 30 days. The mean of SCORTEN was 2.3; it was 3.3 and 2.1 in the mortality and survivors group, respectively (P=0.001).All 34 TEN cases were given intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). Six patients with TEN died (17.6%). The highest mortality was found in the allopurinol group with 50%, whereas anticonvulsants and antibiotics had a mortality rate of 16.6% and 15.3%, respectively.Conclusion: Anti-convulsants especially Lamotrigine were the most frequently implicated drug, followed by antibiotics and allopurinol. IVIG was shown beneficial effects in TEN syndrome.
Fatemeh Moharrari; Soheila Barabadian
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric illness, which affects about 5% of children worldwide. An 80% genetic background is responsible for ADHD due to its appearance in familial relationships. In addition, dopamine regulation in synaptic spaces, which have ...
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric illness, which affects about 5% of children worldwide. An 80% genetic background is responsible for ADHD due to its appearance in familial relationships. In addition, dopamine regulation in synaptic spaces, which have a central role in development of ADHD, is moderated by dopamine transporter neurotransmitter, which in turn is modulated by dopamine transporter gene named SLC6A3 or DAT1. Methylphenidate as the first line and most important prescribed medication for ADHD blocks dopamine transporter and increases the dopamine concentration in synaptic clefts. In theory, methylphenidate relay to dopamine transporter to play a role, and dopamine transporter synthesis is dependent on DAT1. This gene have 40 base pair in its 3`-untranslated region end that repeat from 3 to 11 times, with most frequent 9 and 10 repeats in human, forming several alleles in carriers including 9R and 10R and genotypes including 9R/9R, 10R/10R, 9R/10R. These genotypes, as the first suspected candidates, may explain why methylphenidate therapy is not sufficient some patients and how the side effects appear in some cases and not in all patients. Many studies have performed to investigate the association between responses to methylphenidate and genotypes and yet no consistency has occurred. This article has a rapid review on concerned literature.
Javad Akhondian; Neda Fakhr Ghasemi
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome is a genetic disorder that may involve different parts of the body, but its main characteristics are intellectual disability and childhood hypotonia. We report a 10-year-old mentally retarded male patient who presented with seizure. His medical history revealed recurrent upper respiratory ...
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Kleefstra syndrome is a genetic disorder that may involve different parts of the body, but its main characteristics are intellectual disability and childhood hypotonia. We report a 10-year-old mentally retarded male patient who presented with seizure. His medical history revealed recurrent upper respiratory infections, neurodevelopmental delay, and epilepsy. It was also found that he had had a hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit for five days due to tachypnea, low APGAR score, and meconium aspiration syndrome. His brain MRI had shown some degree of distension of the lateral cerebral ventricles with the basal cistern. The electromyography and the nerve conduction velocity were however normal. He was diagnosed with Kleefstra syndrome by the loss of the EHMT1 gene. He is now under treatment by piracetam and work-therapy. This is the second case report of this syndrome in Iran. This case presentation aims to improve the diagnosis of Kleefstra syndrome patients, as a rare syndrome with non-characteristic manifestations.
Abbas Esmaeilzadeh; Kambiz Akhavan Rezayat; Hooman Masannen Mozaffari; Ali Bahari; Omid Ghanaei; Azita Ganji; Ali Mokhtarifar; Mahla Rahmani Khorram; Ladan Goshayeshi
Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the world, and hereditary factors and family history are responsible for the incidence and development of the disease in 20 to 30% of cases. Lynch syndrome, or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is the ...
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Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the world, and hereditary factors and family history are responsible for the incidence and development of the disease in 20 to 30% of cases. Lynch syndrome, or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is the most common hereditary form of CRC that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This study consisted of a systematic literature review of research articles that described the prevalence of HNPCC in Iranian patients with CRC. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, IranMedex, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant articles that describe HNPCC or Lynch syndrome in patients with CRC in Iran. For this purpose, a keyword search of the following terms was employed: (((Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer OR HNPCC OR Lynch syndrome)) AND (colorectal cancer OR familial colorectal cancer OR colon cancer OR rectal cancer OR bowel cancer)) AND IRAN. All eligible documents were collected, and the desired data were qualitatively analyzed.Result: Of the 67 articles that were found via the initial database search, only 12 were deemed to be of relevance to the current study. These articles included a total population of 3237 and this sample was selected and qualitatively analyzed. The findings of the review revealed that the frequency of mutation in MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6 genes varied between 23.1% and 62.5% among the studied families. This indicated that HNPCC is linked with up to 5.5% of the total cases of colorectal cancers in Iran.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the hereditary form of HNPCC or Lynch syndrome is significantly high among patients with CRC in Iran