Kobra Salimiyan rizi; Hadi Farsiani
Abstract
The genus Raoultella is still understudied compared to other Enterobacteriaceae members. However, there are numerous published case reports on Raoultella infections. The genetic closeness of Raoultella spp. and Klebsiella spp. may lead to misidentification using conventional microbiology methods. The ...
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The genus Raoultella is still understudied compared to other Enterobacteriaceae members. However, there are numerous published case reports on Raoultella infections. The genetic closeness of Raoultella spp. and Klebsiella spp. may lead to misidentification using conventional microbiology methods. The prevalence of this bacterium in clinical settings can vary geographically. Our knowledge of its resistome evolution contributing to Raoultella antibiotic resistance is also limited to a few characterized genes. This review summarises the current knowledge on Raoultella genetic and microbiology aspects, its identification methods, virulence factors, clinical manifestations, and so on. This combined information highlights the gaps in our understanding of Raoultella pathogenesis, resistome, and vaccine suggesting future research directions. The diversity and plasticity of the antibiotic resistance plane of Raoultella species have determined the early and precise identification of Raoultella infection is very important to improve the prognosis of the clinical infections and to control the spread of this bacterium. According to our literature review results, patients with multiple congenital abnormalities are susceptible to Raoultella infection. Tumours, immune deficiency, and invasive operations increase the risk of infection.
Kobra Salimiyan Rizi; Hadi Farsiani
Abstract
The formation of the massive deletion of genes called “black holes,” which are detrimental to a pathogenic lifestyle, provides a bacterial evolutionary route that permits a pathogen to augment virulence and host-adaptability. For example, cadaverine substrate has inhibitory effects on the ...
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The formation of the massive deletion of genes called “black holes,” which are detrimental to a pathogenic lifestyle, provides a bacterial evolutionary route that permits a pathogen to augment virulence and host-adaptability. For example, cadaverine substrate has inhibitory effects on the enterotoxin activity of the Shigella species. Therefore, the encoding gene of the lysine decarboxylase enzyme (CadA gene) as an anti-virulence gene is deleted from the genome of the Shigella. This and other similar cases in bacteria can be used for antitoxin therapy. Hence, identification of the role of black holes in the pathogenic evolution of bacteria output could possibly lead to novel treatments of infectious diseases in human beings. Here, we reviewed different types of pathoadaptation mutations among pathogens. Cases of black holes among the important human bacterial pathogens included Shigella, Rickettsiae, Mycobacterium leprae, Burkholderia, Bordetella, and Chlamydia. We found that the most prevalent pathoadaptive pathway among bacteria was the gene inactivation or deletion route.