Atefeh Kebriaei; Asieh Ehsaei; Hadi Ostadimoghaddam; Elham Bakhtiari; Mojtaba Salamati; NEGAREH YAZDANI; Shima Mesbahi
Abstract
Purpose: to compare the refractive error measurements achieved through three distinct techniques: retinoscopy, subjective method, and the subjective fogging method. Methods: Participants included 223 young adults aged 18 to 36 years (mean age: 25.63±5.31). The refractive error of one eye was measured ...
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Purpose: to compare the refractive error measurements achieved through three distinct techniques: retinoscopy, subjective method, and the subjective fogging method. Methods: Participants included 223 young adults aged 18 to 36 years (mean age: 25.63±5.31). The refractive error of one eye was measured under three different accommodation control conditions: subjective refraction, fogging subjective refraction and retinoscopy.Results: Data were collected for 223 young adults. The average Spherical value obtained by the retinoscopy method was 0.21 and the average cylinder was -0.76. These values were -0.01 and -0.75, respectively, in the subjective with fog method: The Spherical value and cylinder obtained by the regular subjective method were -0.13 and -0.74 D, respectively; The mean spherical equivalent with subjective refraction method was more minus than fogging subjective refraction and retinoscopy provided the most plus results. the difference in spherical and spherical equivalent value between three methods was significant (p- value< 0.001) but the difference in cylindrical value between three groups was not significant (p- value> 0.05). According to the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient analysis, the agreement between three methods for measuring sphere (ICC= 0.99), cylinder (ICC= 0.95) and spherical equivalent (ICC= 0.99) was good.Conclusions: The results showed that retinoscopy and fogging subjective refraction were the most similar methods, with a small mean difference. However, the comparison between retinoscopy and subjective refraction had wider limits of agreement than retinoscopy and fogging subjective refraction. Key words: Retinoscopy, subjective, refraction, fogging
Negareh Yazdani; Leyla Shahkarami; Javad Heravian Shandiz; Veda Vakili; Hadi Ostadimoghaddam; AbbasAli Yekta; Seyed Hosein Hoseini-Yazdi
Abstract
Introduction: This article aimed to review the literatures on visual impairments and ocular changes in premature infants with low birth weight and gestational age.Methods: Five electronic databases including: PubMed, Web of Science, Science direct, Ovid, and Scopus were searched. Original articles published ...
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Introduction: This article aimed to review the literatures on visual impairments and ocular changes in premature infants with low birth weight and gestational age.Methods: Five electronic databases including: PubMed, Web of Science, Science direct, Ovid, and Scopus were searched. Original articles published until 2015 describing preterm infants were reviewed. Repetitive and derivative articles were excluded.Results: Out of 100 unique, potentially relevant articles, 42 studies that addressed and met the inclusion criteria were evaluated.Conclusion: Prematurity affects ocular structures (from anterior to posterior segment) and functions. Premature infants are at risk of myopization. Concerning the changes in premature infants, a significant increase is found in axial length, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness; moreover, high incidence of retinal changes is reported as a result of prematurity. On the other hand, visual acuity, tear, electroretinogram, and visual evoked potential responses decrease with prematurity. The most common ophthalmic disorders in preterm infants are myopia and retinopathy of prematurity, which could affect life quality due to reduced visual acuity.