Mitra Ahadi; Negin Masoudifar; Mina Akbari Rad
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought unpredictable challenges to the whole world by causing Coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19). Although respiratory tract manifestations are the most commonly reported symptoms in COVID-19, early studies reported a low incidence of typical ...
Read More
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought unpredictable challenges to the whole world by causing Coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19). Although respiratory tract manifestations are the most commonly reported symptoms in COVID-19, early studies reported a low incidence of typical gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and even liver dysfunctions. However, The prevalence and prognosis of Gastrointestinal system involvement, including gastrointestinal symptoms and liver injury, remains mostly unknown in patients with COVID-19. We aimed to review the effects of COVID-19 on the GI system. Anorexia was the most frequent digestive symptom in adults (39.9%‐50.2%), and diarrhea was the most frequent symptom in both adults and children.Moreover, vomiting was more common in children. Approximately nine percent of adult patients showed vomiting. Almost 36% of children encounter vomiting; nausea is considered for 15% of children. Gastrointestinal bleeding was presented in more than ten percent of children, while abdominal pain was more frequent in severely ill patients.
Mitra Ahadi; Negin Masoudifar
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune condition affecting children and adults. Dysphagia and food impaction are the main symptoms; however, reflux-like symptoms may also be present. The diagnosis of EoE is made with endoscopic evaluation for dysphagia, and its definitive diagnosis requires ...
Read More
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune condition affecting children and adults. Dysphagia and food impaction are the main symptoms; however, reflux-like symptoms may also be present. The diagnosis of EoE is made with endoscopic evaluation for dysphagia, and its definitive diagnosis requires biopsy confirmation. The criteria for active EoE are defined as the symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, eosinophilic tissue infiltration (eosinophil count of at least 15 eosinophils per high-power field), and exclusion of other possible causes of esophageal eosinophilia. EoE is more prevalent in patients suffering from atopic conditions; therefore, allergic conditions may play an important role in the development of the disease. However, the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are not completely understood. Elimination diets are considered as the first-line therapy in children; nevertheless, this approach appears to be less effective in adults, who often require steroids. Despite medical treatments, EoE is complicated in some cases by esophageal stricture and stenosis that require additional endoscopic treatments.