Hanieh Kamkar; Iran Davoudi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Keyvan Salehi
Abstract
This article systematically reviews the psychological and professional injuries psychotherapists experience during therapy sessions. A comprehensive search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Noormags to identify relevant studies. The findings revealed that psychotherapists ...
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This article systematically reviews the psychological and professional injuries psychotherapists experience during therapy sessions. A comprehensive search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Noormags to identify relevant studies. The findings revealed that psychotherapists are exposed to significant risks, including burnout, occupational stress, secondary trauma, and empathy fatigue, all of which can severely impact their mental health, job satisfaction, and professional performance. These risks are influenced by various factors, such as the type of clients they work with, the severity of mental health issues presented by clients, and the duration of therapy sessions. Effective mitigation strategies, such as developing structured self-care programs, promoting psychological exercises, and fostering a supportive organizational culture, were highlighted as essential. Additionally, providing professional counseling, reducing workloads, and enhancing work-life balance are key measures to address these challenges. Further research is crucial to explore innovative and effective strategies for reducing these occupational hazards and improving psychotherapists' well-being.
samaneh mortezaei; Mitra Ahadi; seyedmorteza valayi
Abstract
This case report documents a unique presentation of hepatic encephalopathy induced by the reactivation of chronic hepatitis B due to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a 76-year-old female patient. The patient was admitted with a diminished level of consciousness subsequent to a week of anorexia, intermittent ...
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This case report documents a unique presentation of hepatic encephalopathy induced by the reactivation of chronic hepatitis B due to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a 76-year-old female patient. The patient was admitted with a diminished level of consciousness subsequent to a week of anorexia, intermittent fever, chills, postprandial nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests revealed significant hepatocellular injury, while imaging suggested cirrhosis. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and a detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA qualitative analysis was noted, alongside an elevated CMV viral load, indicating reactivation of chronic hepatitis due to CMV infection. Therapeutic interventions included Ganciclovir for CMV infection, Colistin for an Enterococcus urinary infection, and Tenofovir for hepatitis. Upon stabilization, the patient was discharged for continued medical management. The case highlights the significance of considering reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis in the differential diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive diagnostic investigation in patients presenting with reduced consciousness, especially those with a history of liver disease. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of managing concurrent infections in the context of liver disease, and serves as a reminder of the potential for CMV to reactivate chronic hepatitis, leading to serious complications such as hepatic encephalopathy.