1.Andevari AN, Moein S, Qujeq D, Moazezi Z, Tilaki KH. Effects 
of atrovastatin on concentrations of 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-coenzyme A-reductase (HMG-CoA-R), 
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and 
sortilin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetics. Journal of Nephropathology. 2020;10(1):e05-e.
2. Andevari AN, Moein S, Qujeq D, Moazezi Z, Hajian-Tilaki K. 
The Effects of Atorvastatin Consumption on Biochemical Variables in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes. International Journal of Medical Laboratory. 2022.
3. Foretz M, Guigas B, Viollet B. Metformin: update on 
mechanisms of action and repurposing potential. Nature Reviews 
Endocrinology. 2023;19(8):460-76.
4. LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and molecular 
mechanisms of metformin action. Endocrine reviews. 
2021;42(1):77-96.
5. Hansen LS, Gasbjerg LS, Brønden A, Dalsgaard NB, Bahne 
E, Stensen S, et al. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the 
postprandial effects of metformin in type 2 diabetes: a randomized 
crossover trial. European Journal of Endocrinology. 
2024;191(2):192-203.
6. Du M-R, Gao Q-Y, Liu C-L, Bai L-Y, Li T, Wei F-L. Exploring 
the pharmacological potential of metformin for neurodegenerative 
diseases. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022;14:838173.
7. Giacoman-Martínez A, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, Zamilpa A, 
Huang F, Romero-Nava R, Román-Ramos R, et al. α-Amyrin induces 
GLUT4 translocation mediated by AMPK and PPARδ/γ in C2C12 
myoblasts. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 
2021;99(9):935-42.
8. Su Y, Hou C, Wang M, Ren K, Zhou D, Liu X, et al. Metformin 
induces mitochondrial fission and reduces energy metabolism by 
targeting respiratory chain complex I in hepatic stellate cells to 
reverse liver fibrosis. The international journal of biochemistry & cell 
biology. 2023;157:106375.
9. Liu J, Zhuang Y, Wu J, Wu Q, Liu M, Zhao Y, et al. IKKβ 
mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively 
phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 
2022;12(2):651-64.
10. Cameron AR, Morrison VL, Levin D, Mohan M, Forteath C, 
Beall C, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of metformin irrespective of 
diabetes status. Circulation research. 2016;119(5):652-65.
11. Zhang L-Q, Zhang W, Li T, Yang T, Yuan X, Zhou Y, et al. 
GLP-1R activation ameliorated novel-object recognition memory 
dysfunction via regulating hippocampal AMPK/NF-κB pathway in 
neuropathic pain mice. Neurobiology of learning and memory. 
2021;182:107463.
12. Chen X, Li X, Zhang W, He J, Xu B, Lei B, et al. Activation of 
AMPK inhibits inflammatory response during hypoxia and 
reoxygenation through modulating JNK-mediated NF-κB pathway. 
Metabolism. 2018;83:256-70.
13. Palideh A, Vaghari-Tabari M, Andevari AN, Qujeq D, Asemi 
Z, Alemi F, et al. MicroRNAs and Periodontal Disease: Helpful 
Therapeutic Targets? Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 
2022;13(3):423.
14. Li H, Yang D-H, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Gao F, Sun J, et al. 
Geniposide suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis 
via the AMPK signaling pathway to mitigate myocardial 
ischemia/reperfusion injury. Chinese Medicine. 2022;17(1):73.
15. Yang F, Qin Y, Wang Y, Meng S, Xian H, Che H, et al. 
Metformin inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK/mTORdependent effects in diabetic cardiomyopathy. International journal 
of biological sciences. 2019;15(5):1010.
16. Han CS, Herrin MA, Pitruzzello MC, Mulla MJ, Werner EF, 
Pettker CM, et al. Glucose and metformin modulate human first 
trimester trophoblast function: a model and potential therapy for 
diabetes‐associated uteroplacental insufficiency. American journal 
of reproductive immunology. 2015;73(4):362-71.
17. Aiad AAE, El-Haggar SM, El-Barbary AM, El-Afify DR. 
Metformin as adjuvant therapy in obese knee osteoarthritis patients. 
Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(4):2349-59.
18. El‐Haggar SM, Hegazy SK, Maher MM, Bahgat MM, Bahaa 
MM. Repurposing metformin as adjuvant therapy in patients with 
ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine: a randomized controlled 
double-blinded study. International Immunopharmacology. 
2024;138:112541.
19. Kruszelnicka O, Chyrchel B, Golay A, Surdacki A. 
Differential associations of circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine 
and cell adhesion molecules with metformin use in patients with type 
2 diabetes mellitus and stable coronary artery disease. Amino acids.
2015;47:1951-9.
20. Cui Y, Chen J, Zhang Z, Shi H, Sun W, Yi Q. The role of AMPK 
in macrophage metabolism, function and polarisation. Journal of 
Translational Medicine. 2023;21(1):892.
21. Kumase F, Takeuchi K, Morizane Y, Suzuki J, Matsumoto H, 
Kataoka K, et al. AMPK-activated protein kinase suppresses Ccr2 
expression by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in RAW264. 7 
macrophages. PloS one. 2016;11(1):e0147279.
22. Cahova M, Palenickova E, Dankova H, Sticova E, Burian M, 
Drahota Z, et al. Metformin prevents ischemia reperfusion-induced 
oxidative stress in the fatty liver by attenuation of reactive oxygen 
species formation. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal 
and Liver Physiology. 2015;309(2):G100-G11.
23. Li P, Chang M. Roles of PRR-mediated signaling pathways in 
the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. 
International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(14):7688.
24. Geethangili M, Lin C-W, Mersmann HJ, Ding S-T. Methyl 
brevifolincarboxylate attenuates free fatty acid-induced lipid 
metabolism and inflammation in hepatocytes through AMPK/NF-κB 
signaling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 
2021;22(18):10062.
25. Andevari AN, Moein S, Qujeq D, Moazezi Z, Tilaki KH. The 
effect of atorvastatin on the concentrations of methylglyoxal, 
glyoxalase 1, and aldo–keto reductase family 1 member B10 in patients 
with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. International Journal of 
Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2024;44(2):400-8.
26. Varışlı B, Caglayan C, Kandemir FM, Gür C, Bayav İ, Genç A. 
The impact of Nrf2/HO-1, caspase-3/Bax/Bcl2 and 
ATF6/IRE1/PERK/GRP78 signaling pathways in the ameliorative 
effects of morin against methotrexate-induced testicular toxicity in 
rats. Molecular Biology Reports. 2022;49(10):9641-9.
27. Ayaydin H, Akaltun I, Koyuncu I, Çelik H, Kirmit A, Takatak 
H. High KEAP1, NRF2 and low HO-1 serum levels in children with 
autism. Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 2020;57(4):274.
28. Jenkins T, Gouge J. Nrf2 in cancer, detoxifying enzymes and 
cell death programs. Antioxidants. 2021;10(7):1030.
29. Bishr A, Atwa AM, El-Mokadem BM, El-Din MN. Canagliflozin 
potentially promotes renal protection against glycerol-induced acute 
kidney injury by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO-3a/PGC-1α and 
Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of 
Pharmacology. 2025:1-13.
30. Guan G, Chen Y, Dong Y. Unraveling the AMPK-SIRT1-FOXO 
Pathway: The In-Depth Analysis and Breakthrough Prospects of 
Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases. Antioxidants. 2025;14(1):70.
31. Fan P, Lu Y, Wei H, Wang K, Jia P, Zhang Y, et al. Metformin 
attenuates sevoflurane-induced neurogenesis damage and cognitive 
impairment: involvement of the Nrf2/G6PD pathway. Metabolic Brain 
Disease. 2023;38(6):2037-53.
32. Singh R, Gupta B, Tripathi K, Singh S. Anti oxidant potential 
of Metformin and Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Beyond 
their anti glycemic effect. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical 
Research & Reviews. 2016;10(2):102-4.
33. Naghdi A, Goodarzi MT, Karimi J, Hashemnia M, Khodadadi I. 
Effects of curcumin and metformin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in 
heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats. Journal of Cardiovascular and 
Thoracic Research. 2022;14(2):128.
34. Zhang W, Huang Q, Zeng Z, Wu J, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Sirt1 
inhibits oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Oxidative 
Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017;2017(1):7543973.
35. Zhang F, Feng J, Zhang J, Kang X, Qian D. Quercetin modulates 
AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling to inhibit inflammatory/oxidative 
stress responses in diabetic high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in the 
rat carotid artery. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.
2020;20(6):280.
36. de Kreutzenberg SV, Ceolotto G, Cattelan A, Pagnin E, 
Mazzucato M, Garagnani P, et al. Metformin improves putative 
longevity effectors in peripheral mononuclear cells from subjects with 
prediabetes. A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition, Metabolism and
Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015;25(7):686-93.
37. Mohsin AAH. Modulation of electron transport by Metformin 
in cardiac protection: role of complex I. 2018.
38. Satheesan A, Kumar J, Leela KV, Murugesan R, Chaithanya V, 
Angelin M. Review on the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization 
domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in 
diabetes: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. 
Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):2753-79.
39. Kalender A, Selvaraj A, Kim SY, Gulati P, Brûlé S, Viollet B, et 
al. Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPasedependent manner. Cell metabolism. 2010;11(5):390-401.40. Sorrenti V, Benedetti F, Buriani A, Fortinguerra S, Caudullo 
G, Davinelli S, et al. Immunomodulatory and antiaging mechanisms 
of resveratrol, rapamycin, and metformin: focus on mTOR and AMPK 
signaling networks. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(8):912.
41. Xu L, Wang X, Chen Y, Soong L, Chen Y, Cai J, et al. 
Metformin modulates T cell function and alleviates liver injury 
through bioenergetic regulation in viral hepatitis. Frontiers in 
immunology. 2021;12:638575.
42. Kim J-W, Choe J-Y, Park S-H. Metformin and its therapeutic 
applications in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease. The 
Korean journal of internal medicine. 2021;37(1):13.
43. Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Marette A, Routy B, 
et al. Metformin effect on gut microbiota: insights for HIV-related 
inflammation. AIDS research and therapy. 2020;17:1-9.
44. Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action 
of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1577-85.
45. Salminen A. GDF15/MIC-1: a stress-induced 
immunosuppressive factor which promotes the aging process. 
Biogerontology. 2025;26(1):1-23.
46. Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross 
J, et al. GDF15 and the beneficial actions of metformin in prediabetes. bioRxiv. 2019:677831.
47. Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross 
JA, et al. GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight 
and energy balance. Nature. 2020;578(7795):444-8.
48. Gao F, Li C, Wang Y, Lu J, Lu W, Zhou J, et al. Growth 
differentiation factor 15 is not associated with glycemic control in 
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: a posthoc analysis of AIM study. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2022;22(1):256.
49. Jing Y, Wu F, Li D, Yang L, Li Q, Li R. Metformin improves 
obesity-associated inflammation by altering macrophages polarization. 
Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2018;461:256-64.
50. Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M. The role and mechanism of 
metformin in inflammatory diseases. Journal of inflammation research. 
2023:5545-64.
51. Menegazzo L, Scattolini V, Cappellari R, Bonora BM, Albiero 
M, Bortolozzi M, et al. The antidiabetic drug metformin blunts NETosis 
in vitro and reduces circulating NETosis biomarkers in vivo. Acta 
Diabetologica. 2018;55:593-601.
52. Zhou T, Yu Y, Li L, Liu X, Xiang Q, Yu R. Bibliometric analysis 
of metformin as an immunomodulator (2013–2024). Frontiers in 
Immunology. 2025;15:1526481.
53. Finisguerra V, Dvorakova T, Formenti M, Van Meerbeeck P, 
Mignion L, Gallez B, et al. Metformin improves cancer immunotherapy 
by directly rescuing tumor-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes from 
hypoxia-induced immunosuppression. Journal for immunotherapy of 
cancer. 2023;11(5):e005719.
54. Park M-J, Lee S-Y, Moon S-J, Son H-J, Lee S-H, Kim E-K, et al. 
Metformin attenuates graft-versus-host disease via restricting 
mammalian target of rapamycin/signal transducer and activator of 
transcription 3 and promoting adenosine monophosphate–activated 
protein kinase-autophagy for the balance between T helper 17 and 
Tregs. Translational Research. 2016;173:115-30