Document Type : Review
Authors
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
Central venous line is one of a creative instrument that saves human’s life in critical medical situation. Central venous line access is frequently involved in the disease management. It is used for rapid fluid therapy, transvenous pacemakers, infusion of some medications, hemodialysis or plasmapheresis and etc. Most of the emergency departments have some staffs that are trained for central venous line insertion but related complications occur during central venous line placement.
Central venous line might have some complications and complication follow-up should be considered. Thromboembolism and infection are two important medical complications. Arterial puncture, hematoma, pneumothorax and hemothorax are mechanical Central venous line complications. Chest X-ray and some other techniques should be used for detecting these complications.
Central venous line tip misplace is a considerable problem for emergency department staffs, previously chest X-ray has been used for central venous line misplace detection. In some recent studies, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and intravascular electrocardiography have been used for central venous line misplace.
Keywords
Introduction
Central venous line (CVL) access is frequently involved in the disease management such as surgical-oncological patients, parenteral nutrition and etc. (1,2).
Advanced hemodynamic monitoring, rapid fluid therapy, transvenous pacemakers and infusion of some medications, all require consistent CVL (3). In the United State, more than 5 million CVL were preformed in a year (4). The first CVL access was placed in 1667 and a sheep was transfused blood from carotid artery (3). Nobel Prize was given to the pioneer of CVL in 1956 to Werner Forssmann for his first modern CVL access (3,5).
However, venous access might be a problem in some cases such as infants, ill children or shocked patients (6).
Central venous pressure (CVP) and oximetry monitoring are other usages of CVL (3). Some CVL indications are high-volume/flow resuscitation, emergency venous access, repetitive blood sampling, administering hyperalimentation, caustic, agents, insertion of cardiac pacemakers, hemodialysis or plasmapheresis and insertion of pulmonary artery catheters (3).
Major complication and CVL site
CVL is one of the most important risk factor for thromboembolism in patients (7). Another major complication is infection (8). Some studies showed that the morbidity and mortality of CVL were due to its serious complications (9,10). Some of these complications are listed below:
1. Arterial puncture
2. Hematoma
3. Pneumothorax
4. Hemothorax
5. Air embolism
6. Infection
7. Thrombosis
8. Nerve injury
9. Arrhythmia due to CVL
10. Tip misplacement (3)
According to the Bozzetti F et al. CVL complications took place in about 25% of patients (11). However, in another study, the prevalence of CVL complications were mentioned in about 15% of patients. Some of these complications related to the place of CVL were reported as infection due to femoral CVL and pneumothorax due to jugular CVL (4). Minimal risk of infection has been observed for subclavian CVL access (12).
Most of these complications are preventable or treatable but emergency department staffs (EDS) should consider them.
For example, for following up the thorax complications, an upright or semi-upright chest X-ray should be performed as soon as possible (3,10,12).
One of the rare complications is superior vena cava injury due to CVL (13).
Site of venous approach could be one of malposition of CVL (14). The most important result of Sibylle Ruesch meta-analysis shows that there are more arterial punctures but less catheter malpositions with the internal jugular compared with the subclavian access (15).
However, some authors believed that no powerful evidence has shown that CVL should be placed in internal jugular or subclavian (16).
According to the Table 1, EDS should choose the best places of CVL in patients.
Central venous line misplaced detection
CXR is a reference standard for correct placement of CVL (3,12). In addition, intravascular electrocardiography (ECG) has been used for detecting the true place of CVL just before Sinoatrial (SA) node in right atrium (17).
P-wave amplitude could be a great index of appropriate place of CVL. The highest P wave find in the optimal location (18). Gebauer et al. used ultrasound-guided method for reaching optimal location of CVL (19).
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography could be another technique for detecting the appropriate place of CVL in EDs (20). It is very fast, available and acceptable as screening test. However, CXR as gold standard could detect the CVL complications such as pneumothorax and hemothorax.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography had negative predictive value of 94% (95% CI, 89%-100%) in Cortellaro and his research team study versus the CXR (20).
Conclusion
Central venous line is one of a creative instrument that saves human’s life in critical medical situation. It has been used for many medical conditions.
However, it might have some complications and complication follow-up should be considered by CXR and some other techniques.
In some recent studies, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and some older techniques such as intravascular ECG have been used for CVL misplace detection. By the way, tip detection of CVL is a very important step.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Clinical Research Development Center of Ghaem Hospital for their assistant in this manuscript. This study was supported by a grant from the Vice Chancellor for Research of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for the research project as a medical student thesis with approval number of 920420.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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