Atieh Yaghoubi; kiarash Ghazvini; Seyed Isaac Hashemy
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia and there were 50 million individuals have dementia in 2018 worldwide and the cost of dementia care to Medicare and Medicaid is so high (about US$1 trillion) in that year. Recently, several articles show that tuberculosis may be increased the development rate ...
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Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia and there were 50 million individuals have dementia in 2018 worldwide and the cost of dementia care to Medicare and Medicaid is so high (about US$1 trillion) in that year. Recently, several articles show that tuberculosis may be increased the development rate of Alzheimer's disease in these patients. So knowing the probable relationship between these two could be helpful. Also, there is evidence demonstrating that the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and rifampicin as a conventional vaccine and medicine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections could be used as a promising agent for the prevention and reduce the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. According to our knowledge, the present review is the first and only review that assessed the possible relationship between tuberculosis and Alzheimer's disease as well as the possible therapeutic role of rifampicin and BCG vaccine in treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, respectively.
Mohsen karbalaei; Kiarash Ghazvini; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The disease is among the most important infectious diseases, which has dedicated most cases of morbidity and mortality to itself worldwide. The global report of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 ...
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Tuberculosis (TB) infection is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The disease is among the most important infectious diseases, which has dedicated most cases of morbidity and mortality to itself worldwide. The global report of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 shows that from 10.7 million infected people in 2018, 1.6 million died. Although the BCG vaccine has been used for about a hundred years, it is only effective in children, but is not able to produce a protective and reliable immunity against adult pulmonary TB. Hence, using an alternative vaccine with high more efficacy than BCG seems to be urgent. The IL-33/ST2 axis forms of IL-33 and ST2, and both of them are the members of IL-1 family. IL-33 is secreted as an alarm in response to cell damages and cellular stress, and ST2 causes stimulation of MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is needed for the proper response of infected cells to Mtb and other intracellular pathogens. In Th2 cells, NF-κB enters into the nucleus, and acts as a transcription factor. Finally, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 are produced which are effective in the prevention of tissue damage. Based on various information, it is recommended that IL-33 can be as a novel therapeutic candidate in post-exposure cases of TB disease.
kiarash ghazvini; Masoud Youssefi; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis is remained as global challenge which is considered as the top cause of human death in worldwide. The presence of lower respiratory tracts microflora can modulate immune response and play important role in susceptibility to TB. The aim of study was comparison ...
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Introduction: Tuberculosis is remained as global challenge which is considered as the top cause of human death in worldwide. The presence of lower respiratory tracts microflora can modulate immune response and play important role in susceptibility to TB. The aim of study was comparison of microbial diversity in lower respiratory tracts microflora of pulmonary tuberculosis patinas and healthy individuals. Methods: In this study, the raw sequences of SRR493275 and SRR493275 were retrieved from European Bioinformatics Institute online database. Then, the raw sequences were filtered by their quality (adapter contamination, low quality as well as low complexity reads) and taxonomic analyzed by online websites including Galaxy/CRS4 and KAIJU online servers. The statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the presence of significant microbial diversity between two groups. Results: We found that microbial taxa were similar between TB and normal except Tenericutes which supplemented in microflora of pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Moreover, the abundance of bacterial genera is significantly divers between TB and healthy groups. Conclusion: There is significant diversities in the lower respiratory tracts microflora of TB and controls. Increasing the abundance of anaerobic genera in TB patients may be suppressed immune response and essential for susceptibility to active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Masoud Youssefi; Majid Eslami; Mohsen Karbalaei; Masoud Keikha; Kiarash Ghazvini
Abstract
Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several ...
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Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several treatments with different applications. For instance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery or their combination are common treatment modalities for cancer. However, a complete cure for cancer has not been achieved yet. On the other hand, novel drugs for cancer treatment are not efficient due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, natural compounds have been reported to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural compounds that could be used as dietary supplements in cancer patients. PUFAs are classified into two main categories, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. According to the literature, n-3 PUFAs exert protective effects against cancer through the induction of apoptotic pathways and suppressing cell proliferation, while n-6 PUFAs cause tumor formation by inducing cell growth and proliferation. Using PUFAs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents is considered to be an effective approach to the treatment of cancer patients through increasing cancer cell death. This review aimed to discuss the interactive effects of the structure and function of PUFAs on cancer and cell processes through various signaling pathways.
Mohsen Karbalaei; Saman Soleimanpour; Majid Eslami; Bahman Yousefi; Masoud Keikha
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a major public health concern and a successful intracellular pathogen associated with high mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) and tubercular meningitis ...
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered to be a major public health concern and a successful intracellular pathogen associated with high mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB) and tubercular meningitis in children. However, BCG is not adequately effective in the treatment of the adults affected to TB. According to the literature, there are controversial data on the potential role of B cells. B cells and humoral immune response play a key role in the amplification of the host immune response against TB. This review study aimed to discuss B cells and humoral immune responses in TB infection and assess its application as a therapeutic option. The monitoring of various B cell phenotypes in TB could be a reliable marker for the prediction of TB in individuals, especially in the latent form. According to the findings, the CMI response (especially Th1 activities) is not sufficient for efficient protection against TB, and B cells and Abs influence the innate immunocytes and Th1, while playing a pivotal role in various outcomes of exposure with tubercle bacilli. Although B cells may contribute to Mtb in the development of active TB, further investigations are required regarding the effects of B cells and humoral immunity on TB pathogenesis and the targeted harmful humoral-mediated response. Moreover, B cells and antibodies could be proper biomarkers to promote the studies regarding the detection of reliable diagnostic tools for the reactivation of latent TB, as well as use as a new generation of therapeutic options.
Farzad khademi; Mohammad Derakhshan; Ramin Sadeghi
Abstract
Introduction: Susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection varies in individuals and is linked to genetic variations in the toll-like receptors (TLRs) genes. The current study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to describe the most prevalent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ...
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Introduction: Susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection varies in individuals and is linked to genetic variations in the toll-like receptors (TLRs) genes. The current study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to describe the most prevalent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from various TLRs and to assess the association between these polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched for all articles published before May 25, 2015, that contained the target keywords. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 37 relevant articles were identified that examined the association between the TLRs gene polymorphism and susceptibility to tuberculosis.Result: A meta-analyses approach to the research determined that there is a statistically significant association between TLR1 rs4833095, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR8 rs3788935 in the allelic model and also TLR1 rs4833095, TLR1 rs5743018, TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810, and TLR8 rs3761624 in the co-dominant model with increased or decreased susceptibility to tuberculosis. No associations were observed between the other TLRs polymorphisms and tuberculosis risk.Discussion: Several studies have found that host genetic factors, such as SNPs in TLRs gene, may increase an individual’s susceptibility to tuberculosis. Therefore, the identification of these SNPs is important to investigate immune responses to TB.Conclusion: The present study concluded that there is an association between some polymorphisms of TLRs and tuberculosis risk. Thus, for a better understanding about the role of SNPs to TB susceptibility, additional studies on alternative TLRs SNPs are needed.