Document Type : Original article
Authors
- Mahbobeh Khammar 1
- Sepideh Hassanzadeh 1
- Fatemeh Tara 1
- Malihe Siahsar 1
- Fatemeh Tahmasbi 1
- Masoud Keikha 2
- Kiarash Ghazvini 3
1 Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Introduction:In the present study, we evaluated the 4-year antimicrobial resistance trends of several nosocomial pathogens during 2018-2021 in a reffereal Mashhad hospital, Mashhad, Iran.
Methods:In this study, we reviewed the data of 70,234 clinical isolates were registred Infection Control Data of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI) instructions to evaluate trends of antimicrobial resistance over the times.
Results: There were identified (A. baumannii: n = 19,374; K. pneumonia n = 17,206; E. coli n = 23,777; S. epidermidis: n = 9,877). We did not find any significant difference in changes of antimicrobial trends over the time except in minor cases . However, The pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance was gradually differed except E. coli.
Conclusion: our results suggested the overall antimicrobial resistance trends was remins the same level during 2018-2021. It seems that in accessibility and stop prescribing of antibiotics can lead to decreasing antibiotic resistance rate.
Keywords
- Vincent JL. Nosocomial infections in adult intensive-care units.Lancet.2003;361:2068-2077.
- Li Y, Gong Z, Lu Y, et al. Impact of nosocomial infections surveillance on nosocomial infection rates: A systematic review. Int J Surg. 2017;42:164-169.
- Bagheri P. The review systematic and meta analysis of prevalence and causes of nosocomial infection in Iran. I Iran J Med Microbiol. 2014; 8 :1-12.
- Ashtiani MT, Sadeghian M, Nikmanesh B, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among Streptococcus pneumoniae over an 11-year period in an Iranian referral children Hospital. Iran J Microbiol. 2014;6:382-386.
- Keikha M, Jadidi H. Meta-analysis study for antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Iran J Med Microbiol 2017,11:69-74.
- Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998; 4: 416–420.
- Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA. 1995;274:639-44.
- Abbasian H, Hajimolaali M, Yektadoost A, et al. Antibiotic utilization in Iran 2000–2016: pattern analysis and benchmarking with organization for economic co-operation and development countries. J Res Pharm Pract. 2019;8:162-167.
- Keikha M, Rava M. Trend of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections in outpatient patients from Zahedan. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation. 2017;6:73-78.
- Harish BN, Menezes GA. Antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal salmonellae. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2011;29:223-229.
- Aghaei SS, Keikha M, Zarandi MK, et al. Evaluation and Identification of Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Qom City,(Iran). Qom Univ Med Sci J 2019, 13: 39-47.
- Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387:176-187.
- Karbalaei M, Khorshidi M, Sisakht-pour B, et al. What are the effects of IL-1β (rs1143634), IL-17A promoter (rs2275913) and TLR4 (rs4986790) gene polymorphism on the outcomes of infection with H. pylori within as Iranian population; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gene Reports. 2020 100735.
- Rahdar HA, Malekabad ES, Dadashi AR, et al. Correlation between biofilm formation and carbapenem resistance among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29:745-750.
- Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, et al. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 2016;387:176-187.
- Burki TK. Superbugs: an arms race against bacteria. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6:668.
- Thyagarajan SP, Ray P, Das BK, et al. Geographical difference in antimicrobial resistance pattern of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates from Indian patients: Multicentric study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:1373-1378.
- Low DE, Keller N, Barth A, et al. Clinical prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and geographic resistance patterns of enterococci: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:S133-145.
- Cullen IM, Manecksha RP, McCullagh E, et al. The changing pattern of antimicrobial resistance within 42 033 Escherichia coli isolates from nosocomial, community and urology patient‐specific urinary tract infections, Dublin, 1999–2009. BJU Int. 2012;109:1198-1206.
- Keikha M, Soleimanpour S, Eslami M, et al. The mystery of tuberculosis pathogenesis from the perspective of T regulatory cells. Meta Gene. 2020;23:100632.
- Christensen GD, Bisno AL, Parisi JT, et al. Nosocomial septicemia due to multiply antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:1-10.
- Schito GC, Varaldo PE. Trends in the epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of clinical Staphylococcus strains in Italy—a review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988;21:67-81.
- May L, Klein EY, Rothman RE, et al. Trends in antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci in the United States, 1999 to 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:1404-1409.
- Anjum MF, Mafura M, Slickers P, et al. Pathotyping Escherichia coli by using miniaturized DNA microarrays. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:5692-5697.
- Bergman M, Nyberg ST, Huovinen P, et al. Association between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:912-917.
- Morrissey I, Hackel M, Badal R, et al. A review of ten years of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2013;6:1335-1346.
- Hoban DJ, Nicolle LE, Hawser S, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of global inpatient urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) program: 2009–2010. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70:507-511.
- Riwu KH, Effendi MH, Rantam FA. A review of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and multidrug resistant (MDR) on companion animals. Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11:270-277.
- Garbati MA, Al Godhair AI. The Growing Resistance of Klebsiella pneumonia; the Need to Expand Our Antibiogram: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Afr J Infect Dis. 2013;7:8-10.
- Mehd SD, Asghar MS, Kazem SY, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance Trends Of Klebsiella Spp. Isolated From Patients In Imam Khomeini Hospital. payavard.2012,6:275-281.
- Shon AS, Russo TA. Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: the next superbug?. Future Microbiol. 2012;7:669-671.
- Moradi J, Hashemi FB, Bahador A. Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iran: a systemic review of the published literature. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6:79-86.
)